HIV Vaccine, Misinformation
Conditions
Keywords
Prevention: Vaccines, Adolescent Girls and Young Women, South Africa, HIV
Brief summary
Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) between the ages of 15-29 years continue to bear the brunt of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infections in South Africa despite progress recorded in prevention and treatment programmes. The ongoing susceptibility of young women to HIV infection and the sub-optimal uptake of prevention options such as Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) that are highly effective creates a need for an HIV vaccine to benefit populations at substantial risk of HIV infection. However, lessons from previous vaccine studies and the recent COVID-19 vaccine have highlighted significant barriers to vaccine uptake, such as widespread misinformation and vaccine hesitancy. These challenges threaten the successful implementation of a future HIV vaccine. Building on these insights, this study will utilise psychological inoculation theory to develop and evaluate HIV vaccine messages among adolescent girls and young women. Primary objective: To compare changes in intentions to receive HIV vaccine following misinformation exposure in groups with and without psychological inoculation and behavioural economics boost. Secondary objectives: (1) To compare believability and persuasiveness of misinformation claims and motivational threat associated with misinformation in groups with and without psychological inoculation and behavioural economics boost. (2) To explore subgroup effects by relevant sociodemographic and behavioural factors including HIV risk, PrEP history, COVID-19 vaccine history, general vaccine hesitancy, and information avoidance. The investigators will conduct a two-arm randomized controlled trial of 2-3 inoculation messages that address emerging myths and misinformation about the HIV vaccine in South Africa. Participants will be randomly assigned to a control group or an intervention arm: enhanced inoculation message with insights from behavioural economics.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALEnhanced inoculation message
Participants enrolled in the enhanced inoculation message arm will receive messages that warn them about impending HIV vaccine misinformation and explains why those claims are false or misleading, the messages will be enhanced with insights from behavioural economics see Appendix 5: "Inoculation message with a BE boost" for an example of the inoculation message. As part of the behavioural economics boost, participants may choose to receive a small token (e.g., sticker, badge, bracelet) with a message promoting vaccination as a consistency and commitment prime.
BEHAVIORALNutrition information
Participants enrolled in the control group will receive unrelated information on diabetes and nutrition topics of the same length as the inoculation messages. Please see Appendix 6 for an example of how this message will be structured. This will make the control group an attention control group and ensure that findings are not confounded by the intervention group spending more time and attentional resources on participation in the study.
Sponsors
University of Pennsylvania
University of Cape Town
Boston University
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, University of the Witwatersrand
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 29 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Female * Age 18-29 years * Self-reported history of sexual activity in the past 12 months * Self-reported HIV-negative status or unknown HIV status at enrolment * Willing and able to provide written informed consent * Able to read and understand English
Exclusion criteria
* Unwilling or unable to provide consent for study participation.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| HIV Vaccine Intention, at the End of the Baseline Assessment | At the end of the baseline assessment | Intention to get the HIV vaccine, measured after inoculation intervention and misinformation exposure The intention to get the vaccine will be measured on a 0-10 scale. Higher score means they are more likely to get the HIV vaccine. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Recommend to Friends, at the End of the Baseline Assessment | At the end of the baseline assessment | Intention to recommend the HIV vaccine to friends, measured at survey baseline following misinformation exposure and intervention. Measured on a 0-10 scale. Higher score means they are more likely to recommend the HIV vaccine to a friend. |
| Recommend to Friends, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Intention to recommend the HIV vaccine to friends, measured at follow-up survey following misinformation exposure and intervention, controlling for baseline pre-intervention/exposure intention. Measured on a 0-10 scale. Higher score means they are more likely to recommend the HIV vaccine to a friend. |
| Credibility of Inoculated Exposure #1 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #1 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of Inoculated Exposure #2 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #2 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of Inoculated Exposure #3 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #3 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of Inoculated Exposure #4 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #4 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of Inoculated Exposure #5 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #5 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of Inoculated Exposure #6 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #6 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Anxiousness of Inoculated Exposure #1 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #1 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of Inoculated Exposure #2 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #2 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of Inoculated Exposure #3 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #3 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. TThey were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of Inoculated Exposure #4 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #4 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of Inoculated Exposure #5 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #5 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of Inoculated Exposure #6 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #6 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Shareability of Inoculated Exposure #1 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #1 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of Inoculated Exposure #7 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #7 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of Inoculated Exposure #3 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #3 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of Inoculated Exposure #4 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #4 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of Inoculated Exposure #5 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #5 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of Inoculated Exposure #6 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #6 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Credibility of Inoculated Exposure #1, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #1 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of Inoculated Exposure #2, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #2 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Shareability of Inoculated Exposure #1, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #1 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of Inoculated Exposure #2, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #2 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Anxiousness of Inoculated Exposure #1, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #1 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of Inoculated Exposure #2, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #2 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Credibility of New Claims, Exposure #12, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #12 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of New Claims, Exposure #8, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #8 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of New Claims, Exposure #9, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #9 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of New Claims, Exposure #10, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #10 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Credibility of New Claims, Exposure #11, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #11 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Anxiousness o of New Claims, Exposure #12, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #12 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of New Claims, Claim #8, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #8 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of New Claims, Exposure #9, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #9 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of New Claims, Exposure #10, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #10 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Anxiousness of New Claims, Exposure #11, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #11 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Shareability of New Claims, Exposure #12, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #12 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of New Claims, Exposure #8, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #8 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of New Claims, Exposure #9, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #9 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of New Claims, Exposure #10, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #10 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Shareability of New Claims, Exposure #11, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #11 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| HIV Vaccine Intention, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Intention to get the HIV vaccine, measured at follow-up survey following misinformation exposure and intervention. Measured on a 0-10 scale. Higher score means they are more likely to get the HIV vaccine. |
| Anxiousness of Inoculated Exposure #7 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #7 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Shareability of Inoculated Exposure #2 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #2 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were provided information on this claim and how to recognize it as misinformation. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Credibility of New Claims, Exposure #13, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #13 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
| Anxiousness of New Claims, Exposure #13, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #13 made the participants anxious or nervous about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number indicates more self-reported anxiousness. |
| Shareability of New Claims, Exposure #13, Follow-up | 2-4 weeks | Extent to which claim #13 made the participants more likely to share information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to share the claim. |
| Credibility of Inoculated Exposure #7 | At the end of the baseline assessment | Extent to which claim #7 made the participants believe the credibility of the information about the HIV vaccine. They were not provided prior information on this claim. The scale is measured on 1-7. Higher number means they are more likely to believe the claim. |
Countries
South Africa
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | — |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 25.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.6 |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race African/Black | 997 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Coloured/Mixed | 103 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Indian | 6 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race Other | 3 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Race White | 26 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment South Africa | 1083 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 1083 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 0 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
None listed