Energy Expenditure, Overweight and Obese Women, Physiological Responses, Pilates Exercise, Strength Training
Conditions
Keywords
Pilates Reformer Training, Energy Expenditure, Oxygen consumption, Blood lactate, Overweight, Obesity, Body composition
Brief summary
This study investigates the physiological responses and the metabolic burden of a Pilates Reformer strength training session in physically inactive premenopausal women with a body mass index of 18-24.9 and 25.01-39.9. The sample included 20 women divided into two groups: 10 with normal weight (NW) and 10 with overweight/obesity (OB). In a non-randomised control design, the participants will perform a 60-minute muscle-strengthening session with Pilates Reformer equipment.
Detailed description
Pilates Reformer (PR) is one of the most popular types of exercise worldwide and is considered a gentle and safe method for untrained and overweight people. The PR training approach has been found to contribute positively to various health conditions (vascular function, blood pressure, physical fitness, musculoskeletal problems), improving the quality of life and mental well-being of the participants. At the same time, it seems that it can have a positive effect on the lipid profile and other biochemical markers such as insulin and fasting glucose. Furthermore, muscle strengthening training with PR equipment provides better levels of mobility, increasing active range of motion, and also provides greater pelvic and trunk stability for both adult and middle-aged participants. This study is designed to investigate the physiological and metabolic burden of a muscle-strengthening session with PR equipment in 20 pre-menopausal and physically inactive women with a body mass index (BMI) of 18-24, 99 & 25.01-39.9, as well as to determine the contribution of energy systems (mitochondrial, glycolytic) during and after the exercise. Each training session will last approximately 60 minutes, will be led by at least one trainer, and will include a warm-up of 7-10 minutes, muscle strengthening and mobility exercises of 35 minutes, and a recovery of 5 minutes. Anthropometric indicators, dietary intake, resting heart rate, blood lactate, resting metabolic rate, muscle soreness, rate of perceived exertion, blood pressure, and performance measurements will be measured at baseline. The metabolic cost during PR training session will be estimated from heart rate, blood lactate, resting oxygen uptake, exercise oxygen uptake, and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption measurements using a portable gas analyzer. After the PR training session will be measured the rate of perceived exertion, blood pressure, blood lactate, and muscle soreness levels.
Interventions
OTHERPilates Reformer Training
Participants will perform a 60-minute Pilates Reformer muscle-strengthening session. The training will include a 7-10 minute warm-up, 35 minutes of muscle strengthening and mobility exercises and a 5-minute recovery. During the training, the physiological responses and the energy expenditure of the participants will be recorded.
Sponsors
University of Thessaly
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
SINGLE (Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
20 Years to 50 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Be approved for participation by an orthopedist and internist * Have not followed any diet or nutritional supplements for weight loss in the last six months before the study * The group with overweight/obesity will consist of women with a body mass index of 25.01 - 39.9 kg/m2 * Be physically Inactive in the last six months before the study.
Exclusion criteria
* Musculoskeletal injury * Weight loss\>10% in 6 months * \<20 years * \>50 years * Μenopause * Chronic diseases * Use of alcohol, caffeine and any type of ergogenic supplements or medication during the study * Physically active.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in exercise-induced energy expenditure | At pre-exercise, 60 minutes during PR training, and 30 minutes after the exercise session (single bout lasting 60 minutes) | Exercise energy expenditure (kcal) will be measured using a portable indirect calorimetry system |
| Change in excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) | At 30 minutes after the exercise session (single bout lasting 60 minutes) | EPOC (kcal) will be measured using a portable indirect calorimetry system |
| Change in blood lactate concentration (BLa) | At pre- and post-exercise session (single bout) at 4 minutes post-exercise | BLa (mmol/L) concentration will be measured in a microphotometer with commercially available kits |
| Change in heart rate | At pre-exercise, 60 minutes during PR training, and 30 minutes after the exercise session (single bout lasting 60 minutes) | Heart rate (bpm) will be measured with a wearable heart rate monitor |
| Change in perceived exertion | At pre- and post-exercise session (single bout) at 4 minutes post-exercise. | Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) will be measured with the Borg scale (0-10) |
| Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) | At pre-exercise, 60 minutes during PR training, and 30 minutes after the exercise session (single bout lasting 60 minutes) | Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) will be measured using a portable indirect calorimetry system |
| Breath Frequency (BF) | At pre-exercise, 60 minutes during PR training, and 30 minutes after the exercise session (single bout lasting 60 minutes) | Breath Frequency (BF) will be measured using a portable indirect calorimetry system |
| Change in oxygen consumption | At pre-exercise, 60 minutes during PR training, and 30 minutes after the exercise session (single bout lasting 60 minutes) | Oxygen consumption will be measured using a portable indirect calorimetry system |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Fat mass (FM) | At baseline | FM (kg) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) |
| Fat-free mass (FFM) | At baseline | FFM (kg) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) |
| Bone mass density | At baseline | Bone mass density will be measured by using Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry |
| Bone mass content | At baseline | Bone mass content will be measured by using Dual-emission X-ray absorptiometry |
| Peak Maximal oxygen consumption (Peak VO2) | At baseline | Peak VO2 will be estimated by open circuit spirometry via breath by breath method |
| Body mass index (BMI) | At baseline | BMI will be calculated using the Quetelet's equation |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | At pre-exercise, 60 minutes during PR training, and 30 minutes after the exercise session (single bout lasting 60 minutes) | Systolic Blood Pressure will be examined using a sphygmomanometer |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | At pre-exercise, 60 minutes during PR training, and 30 minutes after the exercise session (single bout lasting 60 minutes) | Diastolic Blood Pressure will be examined using a sphygmomanometer |
| Rest Heart Rate | At baseline | The rest heart rate will be estimated using a heart rate monitor |
| Evaluation of physical activity (PA) | At baseline | The PA will be evaluated for seven days before the intervention via accelerometry |
| Dietary intake | At baseline | Dietary intake will be assesed over a 7-day period using diet recalls |
| Waist circumference (WC) | At baseline | WC (cm) will be measured using a Gullick II tape |
| Hip circumference (HC) | At baseline | HC (cm) will be measured using a Gullick II tape |
| Body weight | At baseline and at 40 minutes after the exercise session. | Body weight will be measured on a beam balance with a stadiometer |
| Body height | At baseline | Body height will be measured on a beam balance with a stadiometer |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) | At baseline | WHR will be calculated by dividing the waist by the hip measurement |
| Resting metabolic rate (RMR) | At baseline | RMR (kcal) will be measured using a portable open-circuit indirect calorimeter with a ventilated hood system |
| Body fat (BF) | At baseline | Body fat (%) will be assessed by whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) |
Countries
Greece
Outcome results
None listed