Oxidative Stress and Circulating Nuclear DNA (cfDNA) in Acute Kidney Injury and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies.

Acute Kidney Injury

Biocompatibility, Renal replacement therapies, Oxidative stress, Myeloperoxidase, Nucleosomes, Regional citrate anticoagulation, Heparin

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the inability of the kidneys to perform their functions of purifying and cleaning the blood. It is a frequent complication in hospitalized patients, especially in those admitted to the ICUs. In these situations is common to use machines to artificially and temporarily replace renal function so waste products that can be toxic are removed from the body. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of two anticoagulation strategies of the extracorporeal purification system in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) evaluating the effect of both strategies in oxidative stress and extracellular nucleosomes and its influence on the recovery of renal function.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a sudden deterioration of renal function that causes loss of electrolyte control, acid base status and fluid balance, with subsequent accumulation of nitrogenous waste products that should be eliminated by the kidney. It is a frequent complication in hospitalized patients, especially those admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Its etiology is usually multifactorial, usually in the context of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The epidemiology and risk factors associated with its development, as well as the type of treatment that these patients are currently undergoing, continues to be the subject of debate, given the impact it has on morbidity and mortality. To temporary substitute renal function in critically ill patients continuous renal replacement therapies (CRRT) are frequently used. The classification and nomenclature of techniques depends on the duration, continuity and operational characteristics of the treatment system. Thus, we distinguish between continuous techniques and intermittent techniques. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is rarely used in developed countries for the treatment of AKI in ICU. Intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) is the most frequently used technique, although its use in ICU has considerable limitations on fluid balance, uremia control and elimination of medium molecular weight molecules. Due to the enormous difficulty of obtaining studies with the necessary statistical power to provide the degree of evidence needed to clarify questions regarding the indications, modalities and other technical aspects of the CRRT, it is commonly used the experience that both the clinical practice in chronic patients as the results of scientific research that intermittent techniques (IHD fundamentally) confers to the clinician. In patients with IHD, certain conditions are associated with a worse prognosis and an increased risk of mortality. These can include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM), atherosclerosis, infectious processes, malnutrition, inflammation, oxidative stress, iron deficiency, anemia, calcification, uremia and volume overload. AKI requiring a renal replacement technique (RRT) represents an independent risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients. Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in the initiation and extension phases of AKI, as well as in causing injury to distant organs after AKI. In CRRT to prevent coagulation of the extracorporeal system requires the use of some method of anticoagulation. The most frequent anticoagulation strategies include systemic heparin and regional citrate administration. However, some undesirable effects of CRRT may affect the patient's outcome, including the risks of systemic bleeding and membrane biocompatibility induced by anticoagulants. Heparin, the most widely used anticoagulant in these techniques, is considered the standard of treatment, however it is contraindicated in patients with a high hemorrhagic risk or in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA), in which only the extracorporeal circuit is anticoagulated by the chelating action of calcium by citrate, is a safe and effective alternative in these cases. RCA has also been described as superior to heparin in terms of biocompatibility, since heparin, in comparison with citrate, can activate the complement and induce neutrophil degranulation in the filter and activate the release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) from the endothelium. The use of citrate, in addition to providing greater biocompatibility and a similar or longer filter duration, could also be associated with less inflammation and possibly with a better survival compared to heparin use, and probably also with a better renal recovery. Apoptosis is probably implicated as a pathophysiological mechanism in organ injury in the setting of sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The sum effect of the numerous risk factors present in critical patients with AKI treated with CRRT is cumulative, additive, interrelated, complex and often unexpected or completely unknown. Survival in patients with AKI requiring replacement therapy is lower than in other patient populations. At present the accuracy of prediction of mortality and morbidity depending on available biomarkers or clinical condition is not optimal to properly describe and stratify patients properly. The combination of several markers of simultaneous biochemical processes can help to better stratify patients, identify the best therapeutic targets, evaluate the response to different therapies and establish functional prognoses. The usefulness of a parameter that evaluates tissue damage with markers of specific biochemical processes could be considered. The present randomized, controlled, parallel-group, single centre study aims to evaluate the biocompatibility of two strategies of anticoagulation of the extracorporeal system (RCA and heparin) by using markers of inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular damage and its repercussion in the recovery of renal function. In this setting it would be possible to establish functional prognoses in terms of renal function recovery and to better identify which strategy is most beneficial for each group of patients.

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