Kratom Pharmacodynamics, Kratom Pharmacokinetics
Conditions
Keywords
kratom, kratom extracts, pharmacokinetics, behavioral pharmacology, Mitragyna speciosa
Brief summary
To understand the acute subjective, physiological, and cognitive effects of commercial kratom extract products among US adults who consume these products regularly, and to understand how these products are metabolized by the human body.
Detailed description
Kratom products, made from the botanical Mitragyna speciosa, have proliferated in the United States since 2006 and now include a variety of brands and formulations. Kratom whole-leaf products and kratom leaf-derived extract products are the two major types of products within the marketplace. To date, most studies have examined kratom whole-leaf products, both in terms of self-report from consumers and in terms of two US-based, small lab-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) studies. In order to follow-up on the investigators' prior work examining the acute effects of kratom in adults (age 21 or older) who regularly use whole-leaf kratom products, the investigators propose a pilot study (N=16) that purposefully samples US adults who use popular kratom extract products sold legally in most of US, including the state of Maryland. Despite the widespread use of kratom extract products, particularly among the best-selling brands, the investigators have no independently collected and published data derived from human laboratory studies on the PK/PD associated with these products. The investigators will conduct a within-person, single-dose pilot study wherein 16 adult consumers of kratom extract products will self-administer a single oral dose of the participant's kratom extract. As this is an exploratory pilot study, the investigators are not making a priori hypothesis. Rather, this is a proof-of-concept pilot study needed to first measure the basic PK and PD (physiological, subjective, cognitive) responses to extract product servings taken by adults who consumed the extracts regularly. There is immediate public health need to better understand kratom extract consumer experiences given that these products are unregulated but widely used. Such data have ecological validity and can inform next steps for funding and research.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Johns Hopkins University
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* 1\) \>21 years old; * 2\) Experienced kratom extract product consumer of one of the leading US brands listed in the study protocol; * 3\) Reports a specific kratom extract product brand and specific dose amount (or range of typical dose amount) on the online screener; * 4\) English language proficient; * 5\) Willingness to provide requested samples of the kratom extract product currently being taken.
Exclusion criteria
* 1\) Reports any acute adverse or unexpected or otherwise sudden health event related to their typical kratom product dose that occurred within 30 days of screening; * 2\) Having ever sought medical attention for an acute adverse health event as a result of taking any kratom product; * 3\) Cannot or will not provide their kratom extract product samples in the form of an unopened package that is clearly labeled with at least the product and vendor name; * 4)The kratom extract product used by the participant has any semi-synthetic or fully synthetic ingredient listed or is known by the study team to have such an ingredient; * 5\) Currently breastfeeding or pregnant; * 6\) history or current diagnosis of psychotic disorder; * 7\) current untreated bipolar disorder; 8) current untreated major depressive disorder; * 8\) Current physical dependence on alcohol, benzodiazepines, or opioids (self-reported or otherwise evidenced) requiring medical intervention; * 9\) Reports use of fentanyl within the past month and/or has a fentanyl positive drug screen; * 10\) Discordance between self-reported substance use and drug screen results obtained during screening; * 11)Any physical, psychiatric, environmental, situational, or kratom product-related condition considered by the study team to increase risk or undue burden.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Drug Effects Questionnaire | Administered at 7 timepoints on Study Days 1-2 | Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) visual analogue scale (0-100) rating for DEQ item "feeling" effects and "liking" effects. 0 is the measure of least impactful 'effect'. |
| Cognitive Effects as assessed by the Digit Symbol Substitution Task | Administered at 7 time points on Study Days 1-2 | The 2-minute computerized Digit Symbol Substitution Task (DSST) outcome of total number of correct responses (accuracy) within the 2-minute test window. This will evaluate cognitive performance and impairment. |
| Pupil size | Measured at 7 timepoints on Study Days 1-2 | Pupil diameter in mm under stable light conditions using a pupilometer. |
| Resting Heart Rate | Measured at 7 timepoints on Study Days 1-2 | Resting heart rate in beats per minute. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Qualitative Interview | Study Day 2 | Qualitative interview of participants' experience with kratom products and how use has changed over time. Will take approximately 1.5 - 2 hours to complete. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORKirsten E Smith, MSW, PhD
Johns Hopkins University
Outcome results
None listed