ACL Injury, Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction, Exercise, Hemodynamics, Oxygen Consumption Based Assessment of Hemodynamics
Conditions
Keywords
Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Hemodynamics, Exercise, Vascular resistance, Oxygen consumption, Case-Control Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies
Brief summary
This study aims to establish and compare muscle haemodynamic response patterns in physically active subjects with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, at different time points after surgery, against healthy controls, using 24 non-invasive near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices simultaneously during a single incremental interval cycling test. Muscle haemodynamics has so far been assessed using at most 2-3 near-infrared spectroscopy devices on isolated muscles and without correlating variables. At the same time, research on musculoskeletal pathologies is limited, and there are no studies that analyse the haemodynamic changes that occur when the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is injured and whether these changes last over time. This is a multicentre, observational, case-control, cross-sectional study, approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital (CEIC-3203), that will include males aged 18-65 years who have undergone ACL reconstruction, divided into three groups: less than 6 months since surgery (ACL1), more than 2 years since surgery with normalised physical activity (ACL2), and a healthy control group with no history of ACL injury. Recruitment has not yet started and is expected to begin in October 2026
Detailed description
Assessment of muscle haemodynamics after musculoskeletal injury has traditionally relied on a limited number of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensors placed on isolated muscles, without a simultaneous, multi-site approach. This study addresses that methodological gap in the context of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. This study aims to establish and compare muscle haemodynamic response patterns, measured using NIRS, in physically active individuals with ACL reconstruction at different time points after surgery, compared with healthy controls. It is a multicentre, observational, case-control, cross-sectional study, conducted in three groups of males aged 18 to 65 years: ACL1 (less than 6 months since ACL reconstruction), ACL2 (more than 2 years since ACL reconstruction, with normalised physical activity and no longer undergoing rehabilitation), and a healthy control group with no history of ACL injury. Each participant completes a single incremental interval cycling test on a cycle ergometer. During the test, 24 portable NIRS devices (Moxy) simultaneously and bilaterally record haemodynamic data at 12 muscle locations: rectus femoris (proximal and distal thirds), vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris (proximal and distal thirds), semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, medial deltoid, and biceps brachii; combining propulsive, stabilising, and postural musculature and reflecting a multi-joint, whole-body approach to the assessment of exercise-induced muscle haemodynamics.. Data are analysed using a proprietary multiparametric interpretation algorithm designed to evaluate the haemodynamic performance of multiple muscle groups simultaneously and comparatively. Assessors and statisticians remain blinded to group assignment throughout data collection and analysis. Primary outcomes are muscle oxygen saturation, capillary haemoglobin concentration, and muscle blood flow, recorded continuously via NIRS at each of the 12 bilateral locations during exercise and through 2 to 3 minutes of post-exercise recovery (an individually variable recovery period). Secondary outcomes include heart rate (continuous Bluetooth monitoring), rating of perceived exertion (Borg CR-10 scale, 0-10), anthropometric and adiposity indicators (height, weight and body mass index), sociodemographic and clinical variables (age, toxic habits, injury and sports history, and physical activity in the preceding 48 to 72 hours), and study dropouts with their reason. Sample size was calculated using G-Power, based on a moderate effect size (Cohen's d = 0.5) estimated from a study in the process of publication, with a 95% confidence level (Z = 1.96), 80% statistical power (β = 0.20), and a 10% non-response rate, yielding a required sample of 43 participants per group (total n = 129). The study is conducted at four collaborating centers: Espai Físic de Salut Integral, Fisioplanet, Hospital Universitari Son Espases (HUSE), and Sant Joan de Déu Palma-Inca (SJD). It is approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital (CEIC-3203)
Interventions
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTIncremental Interval Test on a Cycle Ergometer
Participants perform a single incremental interval test on a cycle ergometer: 4 minutes of exercise followed by 1 minute of rest, at an individual intensity below the anaerobic threshold. All participants begin at the same initial load of 50 watts, increased at the end of each rest minute in steps of 25 watts, until the participant is unable to complete a full interval; this final incomplete interval is also recorded and analysed. During the rest minute, participants must remain completely still, without moving any part of the body; at the end of each 4-minute work period, the assessor counts down so the participant can prepare for the next interval. Throughout the test, 24 near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) devices are placed bilaterally over 12 muscle sites: rectus femoris (proximal and distal thirds), vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris (proximal and distal thirds), semitendinosus, gluteus maximus, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, medial deltoid, and biceps brachii.
Sponsors
Universitat de Lleida
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
General inclusion criteria * Men aged 18 to 65 years. * Adipose tissue thickness of less than 2 cm at the NIRS device placement sites, assessed with a skinfold calliper. * Functional capacity to complete an incremental interval test on a cycle ergometer. * Able to understand and communicate, both orally and in writing, in Spanish, Catalan or English. General
Exclusion criteria
* Cardiometabolic, endocrine, neurological, or other severe comorbidity that could compromise participant safety, alter physical performance, or interfere with the interpretation of the results. * Disabling pain preventing completion of the physical assessment as established in the protocol. Eligibility criteria (LCA1 group) * Physically active before the injury, with an exercise frequency greater than 3 days per week. * Surgically treated with ACL reconstruction. * Time since surgery of 6 months or less. * Explicit authorisation from the physiotherapist or rehabilitation physician responsible for their recovery, confirming that the participant is able to safely tolerate the physical demands of the test. Eligibility criteria (LCA2 group) * History of ACL reconstruction surgery, with a minimum of 2 years since the intervention. * Regular physical exercise practice (more than 3 days per week) during at least the 2 to 3 months prior to assessment. Eligibility criteria (CON group) * Regular physical exercise practice (more than 3 days per week) during at least the 2 to 3 months prior to assessment. * No history of ACL injury or meniscal injury in either knee.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Muscular Oxygen Saturation (SmO2 - %) | Continuously during the test and through a minimum 2-minute post-exercise recovery period, extended up to 3 minu | Percentage of oxygen-loaded haemoglobin and myoglobin at the muscular capillary level, recorded via NIRS at 0.5-second intervals. |
| Absolute Capillary Haemoglobin (ThB - g/dL) | Continuously during the test and through a minimum 2-minute post-exercise recovery period, extended up to 3 minutes according to each participant's individual recovery kinetics. | Grams of oxygen-loaded and oxygen-depleted haemoglobin and myoglobin per deciliter of blood captured by the devices at the muscular capillary level, recorded via NIRS at 0.5-second intervals. |
| Oxygen-loaded capillary haemoglobin (O2HHb - g/dL) | Continuously during the test and through a minimum 2-minute post-exercise recovery period, extended up to 3 minutes according to each participant's individual recovery kinetics. | Grams of oxygen-loaded haemoglobin and myoglobin per decilitre of blood captured by the devices at the muscular capillary level, recorded via NIRS at 0.5-second intervals. |
| Capillary Haemoglobin Oxygen Depleted (HHb - g/dL) | Continuously during the test and through a minimum 2-minute post-exercise recovery period, extended up to 3 minutes according to each participant's individual recovery kinetics | Grams of oxygen-depleted haemoglobin and myoglobin per decilitre of blood captured by the devices at the muscular capillary level, recorded via NIRS at 0.5-second intervals. |
| Blood Flow of Relative Muscle Haemoglobin (ThB BF - g/dL/min) | Continuously during the test and through a minimum 2-minute post-exercise recovery period, extended up to 3 minutes according to each participant's individual recovery kinetics | Relative blood flow value of haemoglobin per unit of time circulating through the muscular capillary, calculated by incorporating heart rate values, recorded via NIRS at 0.5-second intervals. |
| Blood Flow of Oxygen Loaded Relative Muscle Haemoglobin (O2HHb BF - g/dL/min) | Continuously during the test and through a minimum 2-minute post-exercise recovery period, extended up to 3 minutes according to each participant's individual recovery kinetics | Relative blood flow value of oxygen-loaded haemoglobin per unit of time circulating through the muscular capillary, calculated by incorporating heart rate values, recorded via NIRS at 0.5-second intervals. |
| Blood Flow of Oxygen Discharged Relative Muscle Haemoglobin (HHb BF - g/dL/min) | Continuously during the test and through a minimum 2-minute post-exercise recovery period, extended up to 3 minutes according to each participant's individual recovery kinetics | Relative blood flow value of oxygen-depleted haemoglobin per unit of time circulating through the muscular capillary, calculated by incorporating heart rate values, recorded via NIRS at 0.5-second intervals |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Heart Rate (bpm) | Continuously during the test and through a minimum 2-minute post-exercise recovery period, extended up to 3 minutes according to each participant's individual recovery kinetics | Continuous heart rate monitoring throughout the test and post-exercise recovery, using a chest strap heart rate monitor (Garmin HRM-Pro Plus) with Bluetooth transmission to the central data unit. |
| Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE-10 / Borg CR-10 scale - 0-10) | Recorded before the test, during the initial 5-minute calibration period; during the test, at the end of each 4-minute work interval; and immediately at the end of the test. | Subjective perception of physical effort measured using the reduced Borg scale (CR-10), ranging from 0 (no exertion) to 10 (maximum exertion). |
| Anthropometry: Height (m) | Baseline, prior to the incremental interval cycling test, recorded once. | Height measured with a standard stadiometer, used together with body weight to calculate body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). |
| Anthropometry: Weight (kg) | Baseline, prior to the incremental interval cycling test, recorded once. | Body weight (kg), measured together with height to calculate body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). |
| Sociodemographic and Clinical Variables | Baseline, prior to the incremental interval cycling test, recorded once. | Sociodemographic and clinical data collected via a brief questionnaire, including age, toxic habits, injury history, sports history, and physical activity in the preceding 48 to 72 hours. |
Countries
Spain
Contacts
CONTACTFrancisco J. Verdejo-Amengual
CONTACTOriol Martínez-Navarro, PhD
STUDY_DIRECTORFrancesc Valenzuela-Pascual, PhD
Universitat de Lleida
STUDY_DIRECTOROriol Martínez-Navarro, PhD
Universitat de Lleida
Outcome results
None listed