Aging, Physical Activity, Training
Conditions
Keywords
Aging, Dose-response, Variable resistance training, Exercise modalities, Exercise intensities, Oxidative stress, Bone health, Neuromuscular physiology, Physical activity, Cellular aging, Training devices, Dietary supplements, Strength training, Cognitive function, Body composition, Metabolic profile, Inflammatory profile, Immunological profile, Physical performance, DNA damage
Brief summary
In recent years the research group on Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES) has carried out numerous studies that have provided current and convincing evidence of the benefits of physical activity and exercise for chronic health, but unfortunately it has also shown that if physical exercise is not properly prescribed it can impair health, as well as accelerating the ageing process. The research proposal presented here aims to reveal some of the forms of physical exercise and resources for its application that may be most beneficial for people's health, thus trying to find reliable evidence that will increase healthy longevity and quality of life in society. Based on the above, and taking into account that the possible beneficial adaptations for health are specific to the applied form of physical exercise and the equipment used during its development, the PHES research group wishes to investigate the most appropriate strategies to ensure an active and positive ageing process. With these relevant findings the researchers can create specific action plans for prevention and promotion through physical exercise in order to improve both health and quality of life expectancy. The general objective of the project is to identify the most advanced methods and material resources with which to guarantee a beneficial process of active and healthy ageing with chronic training, so that with these relevant findings, concrete action plans can be created for prevention and promotion through physical exercise in order to improve both health and quality of life expectancy. The specific objectives are the following: * To validate new, specific, safe, and efficient tools to monitor the intensity of neuromuscular strength training activities in older adults. * To analyze and compare the chronic effects of different cardiovascular and neuromuscular strength training modalities applied with different materials on cellular ageing, body composition, metabolic, and immune profiles, cognitive function, motor function, quality of life and well-being in older adults. * To evaluate the efficacy of the use of dietary supplements to reduce or even stop the chronic adverse effects that different physical activity levels and/or physical exercise programs can have on the oxidative and inflammatory profile, body composition and metabolic profile, muscle and DNA damage, and physical performance in older adults.
Detailed description
The project presented here will consist of two stages: (i) Stage 1 "Validation studies": They consist in the development of validation of perceptual tools for pre-exercise quantification of the intensity of the training protocols with different training materials and methodologies; The research in this first stage will take the form of a descriptive cross-sectional perceptual estimation studies. Therefore, this first stage of research will be performed prior to the application of the chronic studies, and they will focus on validating resources for the proper control of intensity during the application of resistance training in elderly individuals by using measures of pre-exercise perceived exertion. If these concepts are validated, the researchers could state that will have created easily applicable and universal tools that will help to extend the appropriate use resistance training in older adults with highly accessible materials and conditions that can be applied internationally. (ii) Stage 2 "Chronic studies": They consist in the development of different intervention protocols to analyze the chronic effects of different regime of methodologies, materials, and food supplementation. The research project presented here will continue in these second stages with prospective experimental studies of randomized intervention with older adults with pre-, and post-treatment measurements. The study population will be older adults belonging to a convenience sample who will participate voluntarily. The study at this stage will consist of carrying out different intervention protocols over a period of 12-16 weeks. All the training programs of the chronic studies will start with familiarization sessions. During the first familiarization sessions, participants will be instructed on how to obtain the measure of the perceived exertion scale appropriate to the exercise intensity to be developed and also how to correctly perform the exercises of the training program. As for the training plan, in the different experimental groups, participants will complete a list of exercises prescribed by the technicians, which will be repeated in each session throughout the training plan. Participants assigned to the sedentary control groups will be asked to continue with their normal diet and activities during the weeks of the study and will be prohibited from participating in any physical activity program or weight loss plan. In contrast, the experimental groups will perform a strength training program with the modality-specific method developed and with the type of material and/or dietary supplement that corresponds to them according to the experimental design at a frequency of 2-3 days per week for 12-16 weeks. The standard exercise session will have a protocolized structure with a warm-up, a main exercise part and a cool-down.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTControl + Dietary supplement I (CDSI)
Participants randomized into the control group will not undertake any formal intervention and will be asked to maintain their usual physical activity habits and diet. Regarding supplementation, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTWater-based power resistance training + Dietary supplement I (WPowDSI)
The WPowDSI group will perform 8 repetitions per exercise (arm fly and swing, small and big kick, and a combined upper and lower limb exercise). Regarding the perceived exertion rating, a value of 4 (1º repetition) and 7 (last repetition) was recorded, accorded to an adaptation of the OMNI-RES scale in water in the remaining 12-16 weeks. The number of sets throughout the entire intervention was 4 sets per exercise, with 90s of active recovery (slow rhythmic swinging of the extremities) between sets. The speed of execution of the exercises was controlled using a metronome marking the cadence (concentric phase as fast as possible; eccentric phase 2s). Devices were used according to individual needs. Regarding supplementation, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTWater-based power resistance training + Placebo (WPowPl)
The WPowCr group will perform 8 repetitions per exercise (arm fly and swing, small and big kick, and a combined upper and lower limb exercise). Regarding the perceived exertion rating, a value of 4 (1º repetition) and 7 (last repetition) was recorded, accorded to an adaptation of the OMNI-RES scale in water in the remaining 12-16 weeks. The number of sets throughout the entire intervention was 4 sets per exercise, with 90s of active recovery (slow rhythmic swinging of the extremities) between sets. The speed of execution of the exercises was controlled using a metronome marking the cadence (concentric phase as fast as possible; eccentric phase 2s). Devices were used according to individual needs. Regarding placebo, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTElastic band-based power resistance training + Dietary supplement I (EBPowDSI)
The EBPowDSI group will perform 8 repetitions per exercise (militar press, squat, upright row, lunge, and push-press). Regarding the perceived exertion rating, a value of 4 (1º repetition) and 7 (last repetition), according to an adaptation of the OMNI-RES EB scale in the remaining 12-16 weeks. The number of sets throughout the entire intervention was 4 sets per exercise, with 90s of active recovery (slow rhythmic swinging of the extremities) between sets and 90s of rest between exercises. The speed of execution of the exercises was controlled using a metronome marking the cadence (concentric phase: as fast as possible; eccentric phase: 2s). Regarding supplementation, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTElastic band-based power resistance training + Placebo (EBPowPl)
The EBPotPl group will perform 8 repetitions per exercise (militar press, squat, upright row, lunge, and push-press). Regarding the perceived exertion rating, a value of 4 (1º repetition,) and 7 (last repetition), according to an adaptation of the OMNI-RES EB scale in the remaining 16 weeks. The number of sets throughout the entire intervention was 4 sets per exercise, with 90s of active recovery (slow rhythmic swinging of the extremities) between sets and 90s of rest between exercises. The speed of execution of the exercises was controlled using a metronome marking the cadence (concentric phase: as fast as possible; eccentric phase: 2s). Regarding placebo, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTElastic band-based eccentric resistance training + Dietary supplement II (EBEccDSII)
The EBEccDSII group will perform 6 repetitions per exercise (lunge, chest press, hiptrust and standing row). The exercises were performed at maximum intensity until the point where stability or technique was lost, prior the stretching of the band. The number of sets throughout the entire intervention was 4 sets per exercise, with 120s of active recovery between sets and 90s of rest between exercises. The pace of execution of the exercises was controlled using a metronome marking the cadence (concentric phase: until reaching the stretching of the band; eccentric phase: 5s). Regarding supplementation, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTElastic band-based eccentric resistance training + Placebo (EBEccPl)
The EBEccPl group will perform 6 repetitions per exercise (lunge, chest press, hiptrust and standing row). The exercises were performed at maximum intensity until the point where stability or technique was lost, prior the stretching of the band. The number of sets throughout the entire intervention was 4 sets per exercise, with 120s of active recovery between sets and 90s of rest between exercises. The pace of execution of the exercises was controlled using a metronome marking the cadence (concentric phase: until reaching the stretching of the band; eccentric phase: 5s). Regarding placebo, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTElastic band-based maximum strength resistance training + Dietary supplement II (EBMaxDSII)
The EBMaxDSII group will perform 6 repetitions per exercise (lunge, chest press, hiptrust and standing row). Regarding the perceived exertion rating, a value of 7 (1º repetition,) and 9 (last repetition), according to an adaptation of the OMNI-RES EB scale in the remaining 16 weeks. The number of sets throughout the entire intervention was 4 sets per exercise, with 120s of active recovery between sets and 90s of rest between exercises. The pace of execution of the exercises was controlled using a metronome marking the cadence (concentric-eccentric phase: 2s). Regarding supplementation, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTElastic band-based maximum strength resistance training + Placebo (EBMaxPl)
The EBMaxPl group will perform 6 repetitions per exercise (lunge, chest press, hiptrust and standing row). Regarding the perceived exertion rating, a value of 7 (1º repetition,) and 9 (last repetition), according to an adaptation of the OMNI-RES EB scale in the remaining 16 weeks. The number of sets throughout the entire intervention was 4 sets per exercise, with 120s of active recovery between sets and 90s of rest between exercises. The pace of execution of the exercises was controlled using a metronome marking the cadence (concentric-eccentric phase: 2s). Regarding placebo, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTControl + Placebo (CPl)
Participants randomized into the control group will not undertake any formal intervention and will be asked to maintain their usual physical activity habits and diet. Regarding placebo, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTControl + Dietary supplement (CDSII)
Participants randomized into the control group will not undertake any formal intervention and will be asked to maintain their usual physical activity habits and diet. Regarding supplementation, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTActive Comparator: Aerobic training + Placebo (AerPl)
The group will perform aerobic exercise for 20-40 minutes with easy execution exercise. Regarding placebo, participants were randomly assigned to receive their daily dose.
Sponsors
University of Valencia
Generalitat Valenciana
Indiex Sport Nutrition Spail SL
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
DOUBLE (Caregiver, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
For masking the participants, the investigators will not inform participants of what group they will be in. For outcome assessor, data collectors and data analysts independent people will be use, and if this is not possible, a random code will be created for each participant so that it is not possible to identify which group belongs to.
Intervention model description
This is a randomized, duoble-blind (sport scientiest assistance/care assistance-outcome assessor), 12 arms prospective parallel design clinical trial. The older adults will be recruited from the researchers setting and will be randomized in a prospective clinical trial study with a 12 parallel arms study design to a resistance training modalities performed at different intensities or a control groups over a 12-16 weeks period.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
60 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Sedentary adults (≥ 60 years), i.e., no physical exercise. * Physically independent (able to walk 100 m without a walking aid and climb 10 steps without rest). * Medical certificate of suitability or fitness to practice resistance training activities. * Cognitive ability to understand and follow the instructions and sign the informed consent form. * Free of any antioxidant supplements for at least six weeks before the start of this study: Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Vitamin A (beta-carotene), Zinc, Coenzyme Q (CoenzymeQ10), turmeric, Omega 3, creatine monohydrate or multivitamin products containing any of these compounds. * Do not smoke more than 5 cigarettes per day or consume distilled alcoholic beverages on a daily basis.
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, renal, liver, pulmonary, or neuromuscular and neurological disorders that would prevent the participant from performing the exercises. * A history of malignant neoplasms. * Terminal illness with life expectancy of less than one year. * Mini mental State Examination lower than 23/30. * Severe visual or hearing impairment. * Body weight changes at 10% in the previous year. * Intake of prescription medications or supplements (e.g., vitamins C, E) that were expected to alter the results of the study (ergogenic, dietary aids, estrogen, beta-blockers, steroid hormones, calcitonin, corticosteroids, glucocorticoids, thiazide diuretics, anticonvulsants, bisphosphonates, raloxifene). * Current or prior (past six months) use of hormone replacement therapy. * Engagement in regular strength training (more than once a week) during the previous six months. * Participation in another research project (within the last six months) involving dietary, exercise, and/or pharmaceutical intervention. * Not be under pharmacological treatment with allopurinol (trade name Zyloric).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in lipid peroxidation | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The lipid peroxidation will be assessed via blood collections of 8-isoprostaglandin (nmol /mmol) |
| Change in antioxidants enzymes | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The antioxidants enzymes will be assessed via blood collections of glutathione peroxidase (IU/g Hb). |
| Change in brain neuroplasticity | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The brain neuroplasticity will be assessed via blood collections of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) (ng/ml) |
| Change in inflammatory profile | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (pg/mL) will be assessed via blood collections. |
| Change in bone metabolism I (Formation) | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The bone metabolism will be assessed via blood collections of Type I procollagen N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) are marker of bone formation. |
| Change in bone metabolism II (Resorption) | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The bone metabolism will be assessed via blood collections of terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (β-CTX- 1) which is a marker of bone resoption. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in blood pressure | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) will be measured |
| Change in renal and hepatic profile I | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (U/L) will be measured. |
| Change in renal and hepatic profile II | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | Creatine (mg/dL) will be measured. |
| Change in lipid profile | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The lipid profile will be assessed via blood collections: total cholesterol (mg/dL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) and triglycerides (mg/dL). |
| Change in metabolic profile I | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The metabolic profile will be assessed via blood collections of basal glucose (mmol/l). |
| Change in metabolic profile II | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The metabolic profile will be assessed via blood collections of human ghrelin (GHRL) (pg/ml), human acylated ghrelin (AG) (pg/ml), human glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP1) (pg/ml), and human cholecystokinin (CCK) (pg/ml). |
| Change in metabolic profile III | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The metabolic profile will be assessed via blood collections of leptin (ng/mL). |
| Change in metabolic profile IV | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The metabolic profile will be assessed via blood collections of human peptide YY (PYY) (10 µCi). |
| Change in cognitive function I | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | The cognitive function will be assessed by the Trail Making Test (TMT) questionnaire (seconds; mistakes). |
| Change in cognitive function II | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | It will be assessed through the application of the MMSE. This test evaluates cognitive impairment, it contains 28 closed questions that measure 8 of the 11 main aspects of cognitive status. |
| Change in cognitive function III | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | It will be measured by Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). This test measures abstraction ability, concept formation, and cognitive strategy change in response to changes in environmental contingencies. |
| Change in cognitive function IV | Baseline and 12-16 weeks | It will be measured by Vienna Test System (VTS). Specifically, will be use the Determination Test (DT), and Reaction Test (RT). This tests are used to check the capacity of observation and visual control, as well as the visual capacity of orientation and the speed of comprehension. |
Countries
Spain
Outcome results
None listed