Shoulder Proprioception: a Comparative Study on Hand Dominance and Sex

A Cybex brand isokinetic dynamometer \[Cybex NORM®, Humac, CA, USA\] was used for shoulder proprioception assessment. Active Joint Position Sensation (AJPS) was evaluated to examine proprioception. AJPS was measured in the sitting position. The target angle was 30° external and 30° internal rotation. The participant was positioned with the elbow in 90° flexion and the wrist in the neutral position. The dynamometer was fixed at 0° to ensure the same starting position for each participant during trials and evaluations. Before starting the test, 3 trials were performed and then the participants were asked to find the target angle 3 times. The amount of error between the target angle and the angle found by the participant was used to describe the accuracy of the AJPS. The arithmetic mean of the result of the 3 tests was recorded for use.