Smartphone Addiction
Conditions
Keywords
Smartphone, Cervical vertebrae, Range of motion, Pain
Brief summary
The study was planned as a observational, cross-sectional study
Interventions
OTHERAssessment of head posture:
Head posture was assessed using photographic methods and craniovertebral angle
OTHERAssessment of Cervical Pain Pressure Threshold
The cervical PPTs were assessed using a mechanical pressure algometer (Baseline Force Gauge Model 12-0304; Baseline, NY, USA).
OTHERAssessment of general cervical mobility
Cervical mobility was assessed using the CROM (Cervical Range of Motion) deluxe device.
OTHERAssessment of upper cervical mobility
It will be assessed using the CROM device and the flexion-rotation test.
OTHERAssessment of Body Awareness
Body awareness will be assessed using a questionnaire designed to determine normal or abnormal sensitivity levels in body composition.
Sponsors
Nagihan Acet
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 25 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* being a smartphone user * being between the ages of 18 and 25
Exclusion criteria
* neck pain * radicular pain * neurological symptoms * cervical surgery or cervical trauma
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Assessment of Body Awareness | Day 1 | Body awareness will be assessed using a questionnaire designed to determine normal or abnormal sensitivity levels in body composition. The questionnaire consists of four subgroups: 1) Changes in body processes, 2) Sleep-wake cycle, 3) Prediction of disease onset, and 4) Prediction of body responses, with a total of 18 items. Participants were asked to rate each item using a scale from 1 to 7. It has a minimum score of 18 and a maximum score of 126, with higher scores indicating greater body awareness. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire have been reported to be high. |
| Assessment of head posture | Day 1 | Head posture will be assessed using photographic methods and craniovertebral angle. The craniovertebral angle is calculated as the angle between a horizontal line passing through C7 and a line extending from the tragus of the ear to C7 \[23\]. An angle less than 49 degrees indicates an anterior head position. |
| Assessment of Cervical Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) | Day 1 | The cervical PPTs will be assessed using a mechanical pressure algometer (Baseline Force Gauge Model 12-0304; Baseline, NY, USA). A force will be applied perpendicularly to a 0.5 cm² area at an approximate rate of 3 N/s. While the patient is seated, pressure is applied at the midpoint of the upper trapezius muscle, and 2 cm lateral to the C2 spinous process bilaterally \[25\]. For each area, two measurements are taken at intervals, and the average of these measurements is calculated to determine the final value. |
| Assessment of general cervical mobility | Day 1 | Cervical mobility will assessed using the CROM (Cervical Range of Motion) deluxe device, developed by the University of Minnesota. The CROM is an inclinometer system that utilizes gravity and magnetic effects \[26\]. It is validated for accuracy and reliability. The device consists of two fixed inclinometers for the sagittal and frontal planes, a horizontal inclinometer with a magnetic needle mounted on the top of the device, a magnetic neck brace, a scale-equipped arm with a ruler mounted on the top, and a vertebra locator arm with a weighing system. |
| Assessment of upper cervical mobility | Day 1 | The CROM device is securely attached to the participant's head while they lay supine on a treatment table. The evaluator asks the participant to relax while the neck is brought to its maximum cervical flexion. In the full flexion position, the head and neck are passively rotated as far as possible within the limits of comfortable pain or physiological stiffness. The procedure is repeated twice on each side with a 30-second rest between tests. The sensitivity of the flexion-rotation test was found to be 91%, its specificity 90%, and its overall diagnostic accuracy 91% . The cervical flexion-rotation test is an important tool in identifying movement impairment at the C1/2 segment and can be used accurately and reliably even by inexperienced examiners. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed