RETI, VR, FTSE
Conditions
Keywords
RETI, VR, FTSE, university students
Brief summary
This research contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of mental training techniques in sports. By demonstrating the effectiveness of RETI and VR in improving FT performance and FTSE, this study provides valuable insights for coaches, athletes, and sports psychologists.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALRetrogressive imagery (RETI)
Week 1-2: Participants were asked to imagine a complete version of the FT imagery script included: a) Visualizing the court lines, the basket, and themselves standing at the free-throw line, focusing on their shooting technique. b) Imagining teammates and opponents positioned around the key, noting the main colors in the scene c) Imagining the coach standing on the sideline encouraging them, and paying attention to the sounds of the audience and the cheers from a close friend in the stands. d) Visualizing a high-pressure situation, experiencing the emotions felt during a real game with one second left on the clock, trailing by one point, with the game's outcome depending on their FT shot. Week 3-4: The exception of content dfrom the full script. Week 5-6: The exception of content cdfrom the full script. Week 7-8: The exception of content bcdfrom the full script.
BEHAVIORALVirtual Reality (VR)
Standing on a lifelike full-sized basketball court, they observe smooth flooring and clear markings. Teammates and opponents don variously colored uniforms, while referees stand ready at the sidelines. Referees position teammates and opponents around the basket as participants feel the texture and weight of the basketball in their hands, as if gripping it for real. The sounds of cheering spectators and encouraging shouts from teammates and coaches further enhance their focus. Participants adjust their stance, noticing beads of sweat trickling down their arms as they prepare for the FT. With bent knees, they ready themselves for the shot, exerting every ounce of their strength as the ball leaves their hands and soars towards the basket. As the ball accurately swishes through the net, the crowd erupts into thunderous applause, and the scoreboard's change in score brings an overwhelming sense of joyous victory.
Sponsors
Wu Jiarun
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
The 45 students were randomly selected from South China Normal University. Of these selected students, 15 were randomly assigned to Intervention Group 1 (RETI), 15 to Intervention Group 2 (VR), and the remaining 15 to the control group.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
17 Years to 23 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
participants to be university students aged 17 to 23 years, with the ability to read and communicate in Mandarin.
Exclusion criteria
students with visual, auditory, or other motor impairments
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Free Throw (FT) Shooting Performance | week 8 | Free throw (FT) are a closed skill technique used for scoring points under practice, field study, or game conditions. Testing was conducted before, during, and after the intervention. FTs are typically awarded to players who are fouled while shooting, and the player takes the shot from behind the FT line, which is 15 feet away from the basket. Each successful FT is worth one point. In this study, to measure shooting accuracy more precisely, we employed the following scoring system: a shot that goes through the basket without touching the rim scores 3 points; a shot that goes in after hitting the rim scores 2 points; a shot that hits the rim but does not go in scores 1 point; and a complete miss scores 0 points. Each testing session comprised two sets of 10 FT shots, with a 15-minute rest period between the sets. The total score for each testing session was calculated by summing the scores from the two sets of 10 shots, resulting in a possible range of 0 to 60. |
| Free throw shooting self-efficacy (FTSE) | week 8 | We utilized the Free-Throw Self-Efficacy (FTSE) scale developed by Fazel (2015) to measure participants' self-efficacy in basketball free-throw shooting, following the microanalytic technique guidelines proposed by Bandura (2006). Participants were asked to imagine taking 10 consecutive free throw and to rate their confidence in successfully making each of these shots. Specifically, they were asked to indicate how certain they were that they could successfully make 1 out of 10, 2 out of 10, and so on, up to 10 out of 10 free throw. Participants rated their confidence on a scale from 0 (completely uncertain) to 10 (very certain). |
Countries
Malaysia
Outcome results
None listed