Gingival Diseases, Smiling
Conditions
Keywords
gingivitis, periodontal health, smile
Brief summary
Anamnesis was taken from 108 patients aged 18-33 who applied to the clinic and met the inclusion criteria. Photographs of the patients' smiles were taken without any measurement. Plaque , gingival index , bleeding on probing, pocket depth measurements, clinical attachment, and gingival recession levels were measured, respectively. Patients were divided into two groups: peri-implant health and gingivitis. Gingival thickness and keratinized gingival width were also measured. In addition, the smile aesthetic index, style, type, and stage were also determined using the smile classification system. Gingival visibility was measured in mm from the photographs taken.
Interventions
OTHERPeriodontal health and gingivitis
The presence or absence of periodontal disease in the gingiva was determined.
Sponsors
Abant Izzet Baysal University
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 33 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* No systemic disease
Exclusion criteria
* Active smoking, * Ongoing or past orthodontic treatment, * Pregnancy, * Nursing, * Individuals who have drug-induced gingival hyperplasia, hereditary gingival fibromatosis, permanent or removable prostheses in the upper front area, or missing teeth in the front region
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Gingival phenotype | Baseline | The visible end of the periodontal probe in the sulcus represents a thin gingival phenotype, while the invisible end corresponds to a thick gingival phenotype |
| Keratinized gingival thickness | Baseline | Keratinized gingival thickness refers to the vertical measurement of the gingival tissue that extends from the free gingival margin to the mucogingival junction, characterized by a keratinized epithelial layer which provides enhanced protection and stability to the underlying periodontal structures. |
| Keratinized gingival width | Baseline | Keratinized gingival width refers to the horizontal dimension of the gingival tissue that is keratinized, measured from the free gingival margin to the mucogingival junction. |
| Gingival display | Baseline | The gingival displays were measured by measuring the distances from the zenith points to the vermilion border |
| Smile esthetic index | Baseline | . The aforementioned factors were assigned a number (0 or 1) depending on their presence or absence, and the total of the assigned numbers indicates the subject's SEI (which ranges from 0 for very poor to 10 for very good) |
| Smile clasificatain system | Baseline | Smile style (Commissura smile, sharp smile, and complex smile), stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III, and Stage IV), and type (Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4) were analyzed with the smile classification system |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Plaque index | Baseline | The plaque index assesses the amount of dental plaque visible on the vestibular and lingual surfaces of all teeth |
| Gingival index | Baseline | This measurement is based on the presence or absence of bleeding on gentle probing |
| Bleeding on probing | Baseline | Bleeding, leading sign of inflammation inside the connective tissue, is a critical factor for pocket depth measurements, and with other variable factors prevents making reproducible measurements. |
| Periodontal pocket depth | Baseline | A pathologically deepened gingival sulcus around a tooth at the gingival margin. |
| Clinical attachment level | Baseline | CAL is calculated by subtracting the gingival margin level from the probing depth. |
| Gingival recession depth | Baseline | Gingival recession is the apical migration of the gingival margin away from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ), resulting in the exposure of the root surface of a tooth. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed