Appetitive Behavior, Circadian Rhythm, Energy Balance, Food Reward
Conditions
Keywords
resistance exercise, energy expenditure
Brief summary
Exercise timing (morning or evening) for optimal weight control is a research topic urgently addressed by scholars in the relevant field. Due to the better control of energy metabolism and physical activity levels in the morning, existing research on resistance exercise and eating behavior primarily focuses on experiments conducted in the morning, with only one study in the afternoon. No research has yet compared the potential differences between morning and evening resistance exercise. A one-year study aims to investigate the impact of morning and evening resistance exercise on physiological metabolism and eating behavior. Eighteen healthy male participants will be randomly assigned to a crossover design study, including AM exercise, PM exercise, and control (rest condition) trials. Variables including subjective appetite, appetite hormones (ghrelin, peptide YY), food preferences, ad libitum eating, dietary records, energy expenditure, and PBMCs circadian rhythm genes will be measured. This preliminary study through a multidimensional observation, the results will contribute to understanding the potential differences and mechanisms of morning and evening resistance exercise on physiological metabolism and eating behavior. In practical applications, conducting resistance exercise in the evening or at night aligns better with current lifestyles. The findings of this study can support the optimization of exercise benefits by validating the choice of exercise timing.
Interventions
OTHERThe exercise in morning
Resistance exercises are in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consists of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 60 sec of rest between sets. Exercise timing: AM 11:00-11:30
OTHERThe exercise in evening
Resistance exercises are in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consists of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 60 sec of rest between sets. Exercise timing: PM 05:00-05:30
Sponsors
National Taiwan Normal University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
MALE
Age
20 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age: 20-30 * weight stable for at least 6 months
Exclusion criteria
* Obesity (BMI \> 30 kg/m² or body fat percentage \> 25%) * Hypertension (blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg) * Heart disease * Cancer * Liver or kidney diseases * Any other conditions that could potentially influence the study's outcomes
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite Subjective appetite | 3 hours during each study intervention | The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., How hungry do you feel?), satisfaction (i.e., How satisfied do you feel?), fullness (i.e., How full do you feel?), prospective food consumption (i.e., How much do you think you can eat?), and nausea (i.e., How nauseous do you feel?), with 0 indicating not at all and 100 signifying extremely.. |
| Change in acyl-Ghrelin | 3 hours during each study intervention | acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL |
| Change in PYY | 3 hours during each study intervention | PYY in pg/mL |
| Change in Leptin | 3 hours during each study intervention | Leptin in pg/mL |
| Change in lactate | 3 hours during each study intervention | lactate in mmol/L |
| Change in PBMCs circadian rhythm genes | 3 hours during each study intervention | Circadian rhythm genes in PBMC will be measured, such as Bmal1, Clock, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, Cry3, and Tbp in arbitrary units. |
| Energy intake | The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment. | Participants will be required to record their diet for the day before, the current day, and the day following the experiment. The energy intake include absolute energy intake and relative energy intake . |
| Energy expenditure | The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment. | Participants will record energy expenditure during resistance exercise, with non-exercise energy expenditure measured using an accelerometer. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Explicit liking | 3 hours during each study intervention | A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, How pleasant would it be to taste some of this food now? with 0 indicating not at all and 100 signifying extremely. |
| change in growth hormone | 3 hours during each study intervention | growth hormone pmol/L |
| Explicit wanting | 3 hours during each study intervention | A visual analog scale ranging from 0 to 100 mm is utilized to evaluate the question, How much do you want some of this food now? with 0 indicating not at all and 100 signifying extremely. |
| Implicit wanting | 3 hours during each study intervention | Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, Which food do you desire the most at the moment?. The implicit wanting calculation involves further consideration of response time data based on preference choices using a standardized equation. |
| Relative preference | 3 hours during each study intervention | Participants are given a set of food image pairs and are asked to select their preference by answering the question, Which food do you desire the most at the moment?. The relative preference is the sum of the times each type of food is chosen, with a maximum value of 48 and a minimum value of 0. |
| Taste appeal bias | 3 hours during each study intervention | Taste preference (savoury or sweet) is calculated by subtracting the mean savory scores from the mean sweet scores. Positive values suggest a preference for sweet foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between taste categories. |
| Fat appeal bias | 3 hours during each study intervention | Fat preference (high or low) is calculated by subtracting the mean low-fat scores from the mean high-fat scores. Positive values suggest a preference for high-fat foods, while negative scores indicate a preference for low-fat or savory foods, and a score of 0 signifies an equal preference between fat content. |
| change in Cortisol | 3 hours during each study intervention | Cortisol mcg/dL |
| change in complete blood count | 3 hours during each study intervention | change in complete blood count cells/L |
Countries
Taiwan
Contacts
Primary ContactHung-wen Liu, Ph.D.
Outcome results
None listed