Sadness
Conditions
Keywords
music, depression, emotion, heart rate variability
Brief summary
This study employed a repeated measure between-subjects design. Two groups (i.e., depressed group and non-depressed group) of participants were recruited. Each participant experienced four stages: baseline, neutral control, sadness induction, and music intervention. The outcome variables were self-reported emotion and Heart Rate Variability features. Emotions were reported at the end of every stage. Electrocardiogram signals were recorded throughout the experiment.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALMusic
Participants went through four stages. In the rest stage, they were instructed to relax. In the neutral control stage, they watched an informative video about plastic injection molding. In the sadness induction stage, they viewed sad clips from either Hachi: A Dog's Tale or My Brother and Sister, with the order randomized across participants. In the music intervention stage, they listened to the cheerful Cuckoo Waltz. Each stage lasted for about 6 minutes. The interventions for the two groups were exactly same. PS: On the basis of the PHQ-9, this HAMD interview was conducted to further group the participants. So, following the experimental protocol, participants who scored ≥ 5 on the PHQ-9 measure underwent the HAMD interview, while the remaining individuals were simply interviewed about their feelings during the experiment.
Sponsors
Zhejiang University
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Aged 18-30 years * Right-handed * No recent illness or medication use * No history of neurological or psychiatric disorders * Normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity (myopic participants wore glasses) * Normal hearing
Exclusion criteria
* Incapable of giving written informed consent to this study * Acute high suicide risk at baseline assessment * Psychosis
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) | Immediately after the baseline, immediately after the neutral control, immediately after the sadness induction, and immediately after the music intervention. | The SAM scale is a brief and widely used tool for assessing emotional states. The scale is a nonverbal self-report measure of emotion, using a set of cartoon-like manikins. The manikins illustrate nine intensity levels for valence (1 = unpleasant; 9 = pleasant), arousal (1 = calm, 9 = excited), and dominance (1 = controlled; 9 = controlling). |
| Revision of Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS-R) | Immediately after the baseline, immediately after the neutral control, immediately after the sadness induction, and immediately after the music intervention. | The PANAS is another widely used scale to measure mood or emotion. The Chinese version of PANAS is comprised of 18 items, with 9 items measuring positive affect (e.g., joyful, inspired) and 9 items measuring negative affect (e.g., sad, fearful). Because participants were required to report their feelings repeatedly in this study, 18 items would be too long and tiresome. The 18 items plus calmness were used as 19 options for participants to choose. They needed to select one of the emotion words to tag their strongest emotion for the stage that they had just experienced. This revision of PANAS allowed us to capture the specific emotion type. |
| Mean of Normal-to-Normal Intervals (MeanNN) | Throughout the whole experiment, an average of 6 minutes for each stage. | MeanNN refers to the average duration between consecutive normal heartbeats, also named inter-beat interval. A higher MeanNN indicates a lower heart rate. |
| Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal Intervals (SDNN) | Throughout the whole experiment, an average of 6 minutes for each stage. | SDNN measures the overall variability of heart rate. Higher SDNN values indicate greater variability. |
Countries
China
Outcome results
None listed