Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer
Conditions
Brief summary
Ovarian cancer is the second most common gynecologic malignancy. In 2008, it was the seventh leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. Estimating the risk of malignancy is essential in the management of adnexal masses and several mathematical models and scoring systems have been developed to be used for discrimination between benign and malignant adnexal masses. Knowledge of the specific type of adnexal pathology before surgery is likely to improve patient triage with high accuracy, and it also makes it possible to optimize treatment. The correct identification of stage I cancer is particularly important
Detailed description
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the third most common gynecological malignancy worldwide and carries the highest mortality. OC has an incidence of 11.7 - 12.1 per 100,000 in the USA and Europe, with slightly lower rates of disease in Asia and the Middle East. Most patients (60%) are diagnosed with advanced disease which is associated with significant mortality. The most important factor for survival is the stage at diagnosis and nowadays there isn't a proven effective screening strategy. It is necessary to identify the best tool to detect early-stage disease. To reduce the diagnostic dilemma between benign and malignant ovarian masses, a formula-based scoring system known as the risk of malignancy index (RMI) was introduced in 1990, which was termed RMI 1. RMI is a combined parameter that is simple, specific, and highly sensitive for the evaluation of adnexal masses. It is a product of ultrasound findings (U), the menopausal status (M), and serum CA-125 levels (RMI = U X M XCA-125). The original RMI (RMI-1) was modified in 1996 as (RMI 2) and again in 1999 known as (RMI 3), and the last modification was in 2009 by adding the tumor size (S) to the equation and calling it RMI 4. A systematic review of diagnostic studies concluded that the RMI I was the most effective for women with suspected ovarian malignancy. Malignant tumors benefit from management in specialized oncology centers, but borderline malignancies, stage I primary invasive tumors, and advanced primary invasive tumors might require different surgical approaches. To optimize patient triage without operating on all masses, diagnostic models can be used to estimate the likelihood of malignancy and hence to plan treatment for patients. The International Ovarian Tumor Analysis Group (IOTA) has developed a multi-tumor prediction model, Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa (ADNEX) model, which is used to describe in detail the characteristics of adnexal masses. ADNEX model can not only distinguish the probability of benign and malignant AMs, but also distinguish between borderline ovarian tumors, stage I ovarian cancer, stage II-IV ovarian cancer, and secondary metastatic ovarian cancers, which includes three clinical features and six ultrasound features
Interventions
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTHistopathologic examination
Histopathologic examination of all excised specimens was done as this is the gold standard test for detecting ovarian malignancy
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTAssesment of Different NEoplasias in the adenexa model
The ADNEX model includes nine parameters; Age, CA-125 level, Oncology center (yes/no), and 6 ultrasound features which are maximal diameter of the lesion, maximal diameter of the largest solid part, more than 10 locules (yes/no), number of papillary projections (0/1/2/3/more than 3), acoustic shadow, and ascites
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTRisk of malignancy index
The RMI was measured as follows; Menopausal status (score is 3 as all patients were postmenopausal X Ultrasound score is based on assessment of 5 features and with the presence of one feature, the score is 1 while if more than one feature is present, the score is 3; the five ultrasound features are the presence of solid components, multilocularity, bilaterality, ascites, and metastases X CA - 125 level
Sponsors
Ain Shams Maternity Hospital
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
40 Years to No maximum
Inclusion criteria
* All the included patients were postmenopausal; postmenopausal status was defined as having ≥ 1 year of amenorrhea without using any contraceptive method in women ≥ 45 years while for women \< 45 years, two consecutive FSH samples one 1month apart with levels ≥ 30 IU/L were required to confirm menopause
Exclusion criteria
* Accidental discovery of ovarian mass during surgery for other reasons * Patients with known ovarian cancer who were scheduled for interval debulking after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive, and negative predictive value of Assessment of Different NEoplasias in the adneXa model for differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian tumors | within 120 days from the scheduled surgery date | The diagnostic performance of the ADNEX model for differentiating between benign and malignant ovarian tumors was assessed at a threshold of 10%. The diagnostic performance was expressed as Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) |
Countries
Egypt
Outcome results
None listed