Chronic Pain
Conditions
Brief summary
This cluster-RCT evaluates the effect of therapeutic virtual reality (VR) on patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) who are on a waiting list to receive pain treatment. The used VR application, Reducept, offers pain education and pain management techniques. This home-based, stand-alone, immersive VR intervention was used daily for four weeks in the intervention group. The control group received standard care (no treatment). Primary outcome measure for this study was health-related quality of life, secondary outcome measures included various pain-related variables (e.g. pain self-efficacy and acceptance. Outcome variables will be measured after four weeks and follow-up after six months.
Interventions
DEVICEVR (Reducept)
Reducept is a novel VR intervention that consists of a combination of pain neuroscience education (PNE) and pain management techniques. It includes different psychological therapy modalities (e.g. acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and hypnotherapy) into a single application.
Sponsors
University of Twente
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* aged 18 years or older * suffering from primary or secondary CMP * finished with biomedical diagnostics and treatment * open to biopsychosocial treatment * willing and capable of complying with study procedures.
Exclusion criteria
* not able to finish the VR intervention due to physical (e.g. visual impairment), mental (e.g. severe sensitivity to stimuli) or practical problems (e.g. insufficient tech-literacy) * unable to finish Dutch questionnaires.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in quality of life measured using the short-form 12 (SF-12) | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up | This questionnaire on quality of life scores from 12 (worst possible score) to 56 (best possible score) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pain catastrophizing measured using the pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up | This questionnaire on pain catastrophizing scores from 0 (best possible score) to 52 (worst possible score). |
| Change in pain self-efficacy measured using the pain self-efficacy questionnaire (PSEQ) | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up | This questionnaire scores from 0 (worst possible score) to 60 (best possible score). |
| Change in pain acceptance measured using the chronic pain acceptance questionnaire (CPAQ-8) | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up | This questionnaire scores from 0 (worst possible score) to 48 (best possible score). |
| Change in pain intensity measured using the numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up | This questionnaire on pain intensity scores from 0 (best possible score) to 100 (worst possible score) |
| Change in quality of care measured using the client satisfaction questionnaire (CSQ-8) | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up | This questionnaire scores from 8 (worst possible score) to 32 (best possible score). |
| Change in medication use measured using an open-ended question | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up | This question inquires about current medication use |
| Change in feelings of anxiety and depression measured using the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) | Baseline, directly after the intervention, and at six months follow-up | This questionnaire scores from 0 (worst possible score) to 42 (best possible score). |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed