Bereavement
Conditions
Brief summary
The goal of this pilot RCT is to investigate the acceptability and feasibility of an unguided culturally adapted self-help app for grieving Syrian refugees in Switzerland. Furthermore, the study will examine whether using the app has an effect on secondary outcomes (e.g., grief symptoms).The main questions it aims to answer are: * Is the self-help app culturally acceptable and feasible in this target group and what do we need to adapt? * Does the use of the self-help app reduce grief symptoms? (amongst other secondary outcomes) Participants will be asked to: * Complete a baseline assessment * then use the self-help app for 5 weeks * Complete a second assessment and participate in a short semi-structured interview regarding acceptability and feasibility. Researchers will compare an intervention group to a wait-list control group to see if the use of the self-help app has an effect on secondary outcomes.
Detailed description
This study examines the acceptance and feasibility of an app designed to provide self-help information to grieving Syrian refugees in Switzerland. The app solely offers information and tips for self-help for grieving individuals. Its goal is not to provide psychological treatment and does not replace psychological assistance from a professional. The app was developed in close collaboration with the Swiss Red Cross (SRC), potential users, and experts to tailor it to the needs of grieving Syrian refugees. The app is designed to serve as a supplementary module for the SRC's Sui app after the completion of this study. Developed in the Arabic language, the app consists of five chapters, each with several subchapters. These chapters cover various information on grief and grief reactions, tips, audio exercises, case vignettes, explanatory videos, video testimonials, as well as written information on various topics such as resources, the importance of social relationships, and daily structure. Apart from the ability to read, understand, and write in Arabic, familiarity with using a smartphone, and access to the internet, no special skills or conditions are required for using the app. The self-help program is available as an app on common iOS and Android devices. The app does not include invasive components or medications. It only provides information and general recommendations for grieving individuals. Users can input data into the app, but the app merely stores this information. The app does not manipulate data with the entered information (e.g., it does not provide personalized recommendations or feedback based on user inputs). In this study, we aim to determine the feasibility and acceptability of this app for grieving Syrian refugees. Additionally, we want to assess whether there are fewer grief symptoms after using the app. The results of the app will help us further tailor it to the needs of the users. To investigate this, we are recruiting 30 study participants who will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group will use the app for 5 weeks, while the other group will wait for 5 weeks before gaining access to the app. Both groups will complete questionnaires at two measurement points, with the first group also being asked to provide feedback on the app in a brief interview.
Interventions
OTHERSelf-help app with information for grieving Syrian Refugees
This study explores a self-help app for grieving Syrian refugees in Switzerland, featuring five chapters on grief, resources, space, negative thoughts, and future self-help. The Arabic app includes psychoeducational content, audio exercises, and videos. Users personalize it, save favorites, and set reminders. Tailored for Arabic-speaking refugees, it's accessible on iOS and Android, without invasive components. Participants complete one weekly chapter over five weeks. Data input is stored without manipulation. Accessible data includes completed chapters, subchapters, and feedback. The app promotes self-help, respecting cultural nuances for user engagement.
OTHERWait-list
Participants in the wait-list control group, receive access to the same intervention described above after a waiting period of 5 weeks.
Sponsors
Swiss Transfusion SRC
University of Zurich
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Pilot RCT with an intervention group and a wait-list control group
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Syrian refugees living in Switzerland * Min. 18 years old * Able to give informed consent as documented by signature * Can read and understand, as well as write Arabic * Possess a smartphone with access to the internet * Have experienced the loss of a loved one due to death at least 3 months ago * Severity score of at least 3 in at least one item of the IPGDS
Exclusion criteria
* Acute suicidality measured by self-report * Lack of knowledge of Arabic language, both spoken and/or written
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention satisfaction | 5 weeks after baseline | Client Satisfaction Questionnaire for Internet Interventions (CSQ-I). Items are rated from 1 to 4 (1= No' definitely not' 2= No' I don't think so' 3= Yes' I think so' 4=Yes' definitely), with higher scores indicating higher satisfaction. |
| Adherence | 5 weeks after baseline | Number of modules that a person has completed |
| Evaluation of the process | 5 weeks after baseline | A short semi-structured interview was developed to assess the overall experience of the participants, the content of the intervention, the adherence to the intervention and the burden of the assessments. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| PTSD symptoms | Baseline and 5 weeks after baseline | PTSD Checklist 5 8- item Version (PCL-5). Responses are scored on a scale from 0 to 4 with higher scores indicating more pronounced symptom severity. |
| Grief severity | Baseline and 5 weeks after baseline | International ICD-11 Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (IPGDS). Employs a 5-point scale: 1 = almost never (less than once a month), 2 = rarely (monthly), 3 = sometimes (weekly), 4 = often (daily), and 5 = always (several times a day), higher scores mean higher grief severity. |
| Depression | Baseline and 5 weeks after baseline | Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9). Employs a scale ranging from 0 = never to 4 = practically every day. A higher score on the PHQ9 (range = 1 - 27) means a greater severity of depressive symptoms. |
| Anxiety | Baseline and 5 weeks after baseline | Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7). Employs a scale ranging from 0 = never to 4 = practically every day. A higher score on the GAD-7 (range = 0 - 21) means a greater severity of anxiety symptoms. |
| Health and disability levels | Baseline and 5 weeks after baseline | WHO Disability Assessment Scale 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). Items are answered on a 5-point scale ranging from 0 = none to 4 = extreme or cannot do. |
| Psychological well being | Baseline and 5 weeks after baseline | WHO-5 Wellbeing Index (WHO-5). Items (e..g. I have felt cheerful and in good spirits) are rated from 0=at no time to 5=all the time. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived social support | Baseline and 5 weeks after baseline | Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Items are rated on a seven point scale (1 very strongly disagree to 7 very strongly agree), higher scores indicate higher perceived social support. |
| Life stressors of refugees | Baseline and 5 weeks after baseline | Post Migration Living Difficulties Scale (PMLD; adapted to Swiss context). Items are rated on a five-point scale (0 not a problem to 4 very serious problem) |
| Socio-demographic information | Baseline | Sex, age, ethnicity, marital status, level of education, work situation, immigration status and time lived in Switzerland, loss-related characteristics such as the time of loss(es), the relationship to the deceased, the age and gender of lost person, cause of death, sudden or expected bereavement, ambiguous loss, information on whether currently undergoing psychotherapeutic treatment. |
| Voluntary qualitative feedback to individual chapters | 5 weeks after baseline | Participants will have the possibility to input feedback concerning the content of individual chapters of the app during the app usage phase. This will be done through the app by including an open question after each chapter (What feedback would you like to give us concerning the content of this previous chapter?) |
Countries
Switzerland
Outcome results
None listed