Depression, Anxiety, HIV Infections, Pregnancy Related
Conditions
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to develop a multi-level PrEP adherence and persistence intervention as an adaptation of the TENDAI ('grateful' in Shona) program, a problem-solving approach to reduce depression and increase HIV treatment adherence among people living with HIV in Zimbabwe. The new intervention, TENDAI4PrEP, will be designed to improve PrEP uptake and persistence among pregnant persons in Zimbabwe. If feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy are demonstrated, the intervention will be ready for large-scale effectiveness/implementation testing. This program will has the potential to address a critical public health challenge impacting pregnant and postpartum persons in Zimbabwe: the prevention of HIV acquisition and transmission.
Detailed description
Zimbabwe's HIV prevalence rate is among the highest globally, and cisgender women of reproductive age are disproportionately affected. Considering the increased risk of HIV acquisition and transmission during pregnancy, there is an urgent public health need to develop interventions that increase the use of efficacious HIV prevention strategies like PrEP in the antenatal context. Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is safe during pregnancy, effective in preventing HIV, and available in Zimbabwean antenatal care (ANC) clinics. However, PrEP use remains low among cisgender women of reproductive age. Individual-, interpersonal/community-, and provider-level barriers (e.g., psychological distress, stigma, low partner support, limited PrEP knowledge in providers) compromise use. A multi-level, problem-solving intervention that addresses barriers to PrEP adherence and persistence during pregnancy and through the postpartum transition among patients, their partners, and antenatal care providers could improve the health of pregnant persons, ultimately decreasing HIV incidence in Zimbabwe. The aims of this study are as follows: Aim 1: Explore the impact of intersecting, multi-level barriers on PrEP uptake, adherence, and persistence during pregnancy (n=30), and explore barriers to PrEP provision among antenatal care providers (8-10). In individual interviews with HIV-negative pregnant women with psychological distress (15 PrEP naïve, 15 PrEP experienced), the investigators will probe individual, interpersonal/community, and structural barriers/facilitators. It is anticipated that barriers to uptake, adherence, and persistence may include distress linked to common mental health challenges (e.g., depressed mood, posttraumatic stress) at the individual level; lack of support from partners and providers, stigma, and low PrEP awareness at the interpersonal/community level; and limited access to PrEP care and food insecurity/poverty at the structural level. Among providers, interviews will explore PrEP knowledge, perspectives on HIV prevention during pregnancy, and barriers to prescribing PrEP. Aim 2: Specify the manual and conduct a small proof-of-concept trial with patients (n=5), their partners (n=5), and providers (n=2). The new manual will teach skills to navigate resources and problem solve the multi-level barriers to PrEP use identified in Aim 1 and will include a group-based training for all providers (education on PrEP during pregnancy, negative PrEP attitudes/stigma, and other barriers to prescribing). Content of the manual will be interactively refined on five participants, their partners, and two providers. Aim 3a: Evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the patient-level intervention in a pilot RCT (n=70). PrEP eligible pregnant persons with motivation to initiate PrEP who are experiencing psychological distress will be randomized to either the intervention or to enhanced treatment as usual (mental health referral). Primary outcomes will be feasibility and acceptability; it is hypothesized that the intervention (4 sessions, including one dyadic session with a partner (n \ 35), plus a postpartum booster) will be both feasible and acceptable. Secondary outcomes are self-reported PrEP adherence and psychological distress at the end of treatment as well as PrEP persistence (measured via urine) at 3-month follow-up. Though the study is not powered to detect secondary outcome effects, we anticipate clinically meaningful trends. Aim 3b: Evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the provider training (1 session), which will be offered to all providers (n\ 10) in a nonrandomized pre/post design; it is hypothesized that the training will be feasible and acceptable. Aim 3c: Explore perceptions of key implementation outcomes among providers and other administrators (n \ 25) through individual qualitative exit interviews. In individual qualitative exit interviews, we will explore reach, adoptability, and other key components of the RE-AIM framework to inform future implementation in the clinic. All providers and staff who completed the group-based session will be invited to participate.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALTENDAI4PrEP
An adapted problem-solving PrEP use intervention for HIV negative pregnant persons living with psychological distress, their partners, and antenatal care providers.
OTHEREnhanced treatment as usual
Includes monthly visits to the ANC plus a pamphlet of information that describes PrEP efficacy. safety during pregnancy/postpartum, and PrEP availability at the ANC.
Sponsors
Massachusetts General Hospital
University of Zimbabwe
Boston University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
15 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
Across all aims participants must be 1. Pregnant 2. Presenting at the Chitungwiza Central Hospital ANC 3. Aged 15+ 4. Willing to provide informed consent or assent 5. Have HIV negative status 6. At risk for HIV acquisition (defined as having a male partner of unknown HIV status, suspicions of partner infidelity, reporting multiple partners, or history of STI and/or recent condomless sexual activity) 7. Score \>5 on the Shona Symptom Questionnaire For the RCT, eligible participants must also be willing to 8. Initiate PrEP prior to randomization 9. Bring their pregnancy partner (if they are safe doing so).
Exclusion criteria
1. Inability to provide informed consent/assent and/or complete procedures in Shona or English 2. Current interfering untreated or unstable mental health condition that precludes functional involvement in the study (e.g., active psychosis, untreated bipolar disorder)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Feasibility (patient level) | T3 (within 5 months post-baseline) | Assessed by (1) 75% of the participants attended at least half of all treatment sessions (2) 80% of the reviewed treatment sessions addressed all key themes, and (3) 60% of the participants completed the assessments at T2 and T3. |
| Acceptability (patient level) | T3 (within 5 months post-baseline) | Assessed via the brief health care interventions framework questionnaire; on average, at least 75% of the participants rate four or more of the items on the postsession acceptability questionnaires with a 4 or a 5 on the Likert-style scale. Scores vary from 1-5, with a higher score indicating higher acceptability. |
| Feasibility (provider level) | T3 (within 5 months post-baseline) | Feasibility will be demonstrated if (1) at least 70% of the antenatal clinic providers attend the group sessions and (2) a review of the audio recording indicates that all key themes were addressed. |
| Acceptability (provider level) | T3 (within 5 months post-baseline) | Assessed via the brief health care interventions framework questionnaire; the sessions will be deemed acceptable if, on average, at least 75% of the providers rate four or more of the items on the post-session acceptability questionnaires with a 4 or a 5 on the Likert-style scale. Scores vary from 1-5, with a higher score indicating higher acceptability. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Self-reported PrEP adherence (patient level) | T2 (2 months post-baseline) | Assessed at T2 via an adapted version of the Wilson three-item self-report adherence scale.This is a 0-100 scale with 0 representing the lowest possible adherence and 100 representing the highest adherence. |
| Psychological distress (patient level) | T2 (2 months post-baseline) | Measured by the Shona Symptom Questionnaire. Scores from 0-14, with a higher score indicating greater psychological distress. |
| PrEP persistence (patient level) | T3 (within 5 months post-baseline) | PrEP persistence will be determined via urine tests and defined as tenofovir being detected in a validated point-of-care device with a level of detection of at least 1500 nanograms \[ng\] TFV/milliliter \[mL\], indicative of taking a dose of PrEP within the past 24 hours. The test is sensitive (96%), specific (100%), precise (coefficient of variation \<15%), and quantitates tenofovir levels in urine as accurately as LC-MS/MS (correlation between TFV levels by both assays 0.96) in a study of HIV negative patients taking PrEP with TDF/FTC. This threshold may be adjusted pending new data; pregnancy appears to alter the pharmacokinetics of oral PrEP such that differences in TVF-DP levels may be as great as 30-40% between pregnant and postpartum women. |
| Change in PrEP knowledge (provider level) | Baseline, T3 (within 5 months post-baseline) | Will be assessed in a PrEP-Related Knowledge Scale adapted from the Fenway Institute. Total scores may range from 0-8 with higher scores indicating greater PrEP knowledge. PrEP knowledge will be assessed at baseline and 5 months post-baseline to determine change in knowledge after the intervention. |
| Change in PrEP stigma (provider level) | Baseline, T3 (within 5 months post-baseline) | Will be assessed via an adapted version of the Community PrEP-Related Stigma Scale. Each item is measured on a 1-5 Likert Scale. Scores range from 16-80, with higher scores indicating greater stigma. PrEP stigma will be assessed at baseline and 5 months post-baseline to determine change in stigma after the intervention. |
Countries
Zimbabwe
Contacts
CONTACTConall O'Cleirigh
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORAmelia M Stanton, PhD
Boston University
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORWalter Mangezi, MD
University of Zimbabwe
Outcome results
None listed