Mild Cognitive Impairment, Mild Dementia
Conditions
Brief summary
This research project aims to analyze the effects of different resistance training volumes on cognitive function, oxidative stress, immunological response, lipid profile, glycemic status, liver function, muscle function, hemodynamic response, and physical performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. First the investigators will analyze the effects of a single resistance training session (acute effects) with one and three sets on hemodynamic and physical performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. After, the investigators will analyze the effects of an 8-week resistance training program with one or three sets on cognitive function, oxidative stress, immunological response, lipid profile, glycemic status, liver function, muscle function, hemodynamic response, and physical performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. The investigators hypothesize that a single resistance training session of one or three sets will increase the acute hemodynamic and physical performance stress in individuals with mild cognitive impairment, although with a higher magnitude in the session with three sets. Furthermore, we hypothesize that eight weeks of resistance training with one or three sets will induce similar improvements in cognitive function, oxidative stress, immunological response, lipid profile, glycemic status, liver function, muscle function, hemodynamic response, and physical performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.
Detailed description
Following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria (see Eligibility Criteria), participants will be recruited from residential care facilities or day centers. For the acute effects study (cross-over study), participants will randomly perform two resistance training sessions separated by one week of rest: i) one session with one set and ii) another session of three sets. The intensity of the exercises, number of repetitions, type and order of exercises, movement velocity, and rest time between exercises will be the same in both groups. Before, immediately after, and 72 hours after the sessions, a battery of tests will be applied to evaluate the changes in blood pressure, heart rate, tympanic temperature, medicine ball throw distance, five-repetition sit-to-stand time, and handgrip strength. Afterward, participants will be randomly assigned into a one-set or three-set group to perform an eight-week resistance training intervention. As for the acute effects study, the prescription of the other acute training variables will be the same for both groups. A control group (without any form of physical exercise), recruited at the beginning of the research project, will also be part of the study. Before and after the intervention, a battery of tests will be applied to determine the training program's impact on cognitive function, oxidative stress, immunological response, lipid profile, glycemic status, liver function, muscle function, hemodynamic response, and physical performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.
Interventions
OTHEROne Resistance Training Set (Single Session)
The participants will perform a resistance training session with one set per exercise. The training sequence will be the following: i) 10 minutes of warm-up walking on the treadmill at 50% of maximal walking velocity, ii) 1 set of 10 repetitions at 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the leg press, iii) 1 set of 10 repetitions at 55% 1RM in the chest press, iv) 1 set of 10 repetitions in the sit-to-stand exercise, v) 1 set of 10 repetitions in the 1-kg medicine ball throw exercise, and vi) 5 minutes walking on the treadmill at 60% of maximal walking velocity.
OTHERThree Resistance Training Sets (Single Session)
The participants will perform a resistance training session with three sets per exercise. The training sequence will be the following: i) 10 minutes of warm-up walking on the treadmill at 50% of maximal walking velocity, ii) 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 60% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the leg press, iii) 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 55% 1RM in the chest press, iv) 3 sets of 10 repetitions in the sit-to-stand exercise, v) 3 sets of 10 repetitions in the 1-kg medicine ball throw exercise, and vi) 5 minutes walking on the treadmill at 60% of maximal walking velocity.
OTHEROne Resistance Training Set (8 Weeks)
The participants will perform eight weeks of resistance training with one set per exercise. The training sequence will be the following: i) 10 minutes of warm-up walking on the treadmill at 50% of maximal walking velocity, ii) 1 set of 10 repetitions between 50-70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the leg press, iii) 1 set of 10 repetitions between 40-60% 1RM in the chest press, iv) 1 set of 6-12 repetitions in the sit-to-stand exercise, v) 1 set of 6-12 repetitions in the 1-kg medicine ball throw exercise, and vi) 5 minutes walking on the treadmill at 60% of maximal walking velocity.
OTHERThree Resistance Training Sets (8 Weeks)
The participants will perform eight weeks of resistance training with three sets per exercise. The training sequence will be the following: i) 10 minutes of warm-up walking on the treadmill at 50% of maximal walking velocity, ii) 3 sets of 10 repetitions between 50-70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the leg press, iii) 3 sets of 10 repetitions between 40-60% 1RM in the chest press, iv) 3 sets of 6-12 repetitions in the sit-to-stand exercise, v) 3 sets of 6-12 repetitions in the 1-kg medicine ball throw exercise, and vi) 5 minutes walking on the treadmill at 60% of maximal walking velocity.
OTHERControl (8 Weeks)
The participants in the control group will maintain their regular daily activities without performing any form of physical exercise.
Sponsors
Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development
University of Beira Interior
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
50 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Clinical diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment * SPPB score ≥ 3 points * Willingness to participate in the interventions and collaborate with the research team * Must be able to provide informed consent (oral or written)
Exclusion criteria
* Severe dementia * Severe comorbidity that negatively influences participation in the intervention * Color blindness * Fractures in the last three months
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Systolic blood pressure (SBP) | Change from baseline to 0 minutes and 72 hours after the sessions | In the cross-over study (acute effects), the SBP will be assessed through a blood pressure device. |
| Handgrip strength (HGS) | Change from baseline to 0 minutes and 72 hours after the sessions | In the cross-over study (acute effects), the HGS will be assessed through an analogic dynamometer. |
| Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2) | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, the DRS-2 questionnaire will be applied to analyze the overall level of cognitive function through five subscales: attention, initiation/perseveration, construction, conceptualization, and memory. |
| Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, the BDNF protein levels will be analyzed through specific blood testing kits. |
| Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) | Change from baseline until week 8 | In the eight-week study, the SPPB will determine the overall level of functional performance through three tests: balance (feet side by side, semi tandem, tandem), 4-meter walking, and 5-repetition sit-to-stand. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory markers | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10) will be analyzed through specific blood testing kits. |
| Oxidative stress | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, oxidative stress markers (carbonylated proteins) will be analyzed through specific blood testing kits. |
| Lipid Profile | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, the lipid profile (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides) will be analyzed through specific blood testing kits. |
| HbA1c | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, the HbA1c will be analyzed through specific blood testing kits. |
| Muscle Damage | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, the muscle damage (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) will be analyzed through specific blood testing kits. |
| Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | Change from baseline to 0 minutes and 72 hours after the sessions | In the cross-over study (acute effects), the DBP will be assessed through a blood pressure device. |
| Load-velocity profiles | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, the load-velocity profiles will be analyzed using the velocity values (recorded with a linear velocity transducer) associated with the absolute loads used during the progressive loading tests in the horizontal leg press and seated chest press machines. |
| Ten-meters walking | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, the 10-meter walking time will be measured through a chronometer. |
| Handgrip strength (HGS) | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, the HGS will be assessed through an analogic dynamometer. |
| 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, the 6MWT distance will be assessed by multiplying the number of total laps by the lap distance (e.g., 10 laps x 10 meters). |
| One-repetition maximum (1RM) | Change from baseline to week 8 | In the eight-week study, a progressive loading test until reaching the 1RM will be applied in the horizontal leg press and seated chest press machines. |
| Heart rate (HR) | Change from baseline to 0 minutes and 72 hours after the sessions | In the cross-over study (acute effects), the HR will be assessed through a blood pressure device. |
| Tympanic temperature (TT) | Change from baseline to 0 minutes and 72 hours after the sessions | In the cross-over study (acute effects), the TT will be assessed through a tympanic thermometer. |
| Five-repetition sit-to-stand (5STS) | Change from baseline to 0 minutes and 72 hours after the sessions | In the cross-over study (acute effects), the 5STS time will be recorded through a chronometer. |
| 1-kg Medicine Ball Throw (MBT) | Change from baseline to 0 minutes and 72 hours after the sessions | In the cross-over study (acute effects), the MBT distance will be recorded with a tape measure. |
Countries
Portugal
Contacts
Primary ContactNuno Fonseca, Master's
Outcome results
None listed