Athletic Injuries, Chronic Pain, Physical Disability
Conditions
Keywords
Athlete Injuries, Physical disability, Chronic pain, Psychological abilities, Mindfulness
Brief summary
Pain affects the athlete's sporting career directly or indirectly. Directly, the injury affects other areas of the body causing a physical decompensation in the athlete and this affects the correct execution of the sporting technique, or how technical gestures can cause pain. Indirectly, through the psychological consequences of pain that generate a series of negative consequences and feelings. Some studies suggest that psychological skills are an important tool for pain management. For that reason, a mindfulness intervention programme would be a useful tool for manage pain in this population.
Detailed description
The study hypothesised that the Mindfulness Sports Performance Enhancement (MSPE) programme adapted for this population, was more effective than mindfulness-based relaxation training as a treatment for chronic pain and associated emotional disturbances in Para athletes with physical disabilities, and that it contributes more to modifying psychological variables that have been shown to be related to or have modulatory value in the experience of chronic pain.
Interventions
OTHERExperimental group (MSPE programme group).
Experimental group. MSPE Programme. This group will receive a face-to-face mindfulness MSPE programme for 6 weeks, once a week for 1h 50min-2 hours. In addition to doing mindfulness activities at home. Each session contains the following exercises: (1) intention meditation, sultana exercise, diaphragmatic breathing and sitting meditation with a focus on breath, body and sound; (2) diaphragmatic breathing, Body Scan; (3) sitting meditation, dynamics of emotions, Mindful Yoga on the floor; (4) letting go of attachments, mindful Yoga on the floor walking meditation; (5) sports meditation, sitting meditation with a focus on breath, body and sound; (6) intention meditation, body scan analysis and review of sports meditation.
OTHERControl group (relaxation group).
These instructions included a combination of tension-relaxation of specific muscles and simple breathing techniques. They were recommended to do this on a daily basis, with a minimum of 4 sessions per week.
Sponsors
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
15 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Have a physical disability * A minimum of 5 points on a Likert-type scale from 1 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable) at the time of recruitment * Be at least 15 years of age * Have been a competitive athlete (regional, national, world and/or Paralympic Games level) in any sport discipline. * Have an official regional or Spanish Federation of Sports for People with Physical disabilities licence * Be willing to participate in a mindfulness programme for pain management * Sign an informed consent form.
Exclusion criteria
* Not having at least one of the criteria mentioned as inclusion.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pain intensity (current pain) post intervention. [Time Frame: Baseline and at 6 weeks].[Safety Issue: No]. | Month and a half. | The presence of pain intensity (current pain) will be measured on a visual analogue Likert-type rating scale from 1 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable) without and with sports practice. A higher score indicates greater intensity. |
| Change in pain frequency post intervention. [Time Frame: Baseline and at 6 weeks].[Safety Issue: No] | Month and a half. | The frequency with which Para-athletes experience pain will be assessed on a Likert-type scale from 1 (very infrequent) to 5 (very frequent). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Secondary Outcome Measure. [Time Frame: Baseline and at 6 weeks].[Safety Issue: No]. Higher values reflect higher levels on the scale to be measured. | Month and a half. | Mindfulness: 2. Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS). The scale will assess the individual's ability to be attentive and aware of the present moment experience in everyday life. ID: 22344492. Mental health variables: 3\. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21). The scale will assess the presence and intensity of affective states of depression, anxiety, and stress. \[5\]. 4\. Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWBP). The scale will assess the six dimensions postulated in the multidimensional model of psychological well-being. ID de PubMed: 17296089. 5\. Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The scale will assess satisfaction with life. \[7\]. Coping strategies: 6\. Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ). This questionnaire measures involvement in activities and openness to pain. ID: 21044544. 7\. Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ). This questionnaire will assess the frequency with which the subject uses different pain coping strategies. ID: 15042468 |
Countries
Spain
Outcome results
None listed