Hypoxia, Altitude, Blood Flow Restriction, Resistance Training
Conditions
Brief summary
One approach to significantly reducing resistance training intensity while maintaining effectiveness in muscle mass and strength development involves conducting training sessions under hypoxic conditions. This is likely due to heightened physiological responses. While sports science research indicates a substantial impact of hypoxic conditions on immediate increases in metabolic stress and augmented hormonal responses, recent findings suggest that the role of their influence on skeletal muscle adaptations post-resistance training under hypoxic conditions remains unknown. Additionally, there is a lack of reports on whether the type of hypoxia applied via blood flow restriction or chamber differentiates the increase in secretion of these catecholamines in both immediate and long-term aspects.
Interventions
4 sets of 30/15/15/15 repetitions of leg press exercise with a load of 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 20%, weeks 4-6: 30%) in normoxic conditions performed twice a week for 6 weeks.
4 sets of 10 repetitions of leg press exercise at 70-80% one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 70%, weeks 4-6: 80%) in normoxic conditions performed twice a week for 6 weeks.
OTHERlow-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction
4 sets of 30/15/15/15 repetitions of leg press exercise with a load of 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 20%, weeks 4-6: 30%) in normoxic conditions with lower-limbs blood flow restriction (80% total occlusion pressure) performed twice a week for 6 weeks.
OTHERlow-intensity resistance training in hypoxia condition
4 sets of 30/15/15/15 repetitions of leg press exercise with a load of 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 20%, weeks 4-6: 30%) in hypoxia conditions (3500 meters above sea) performed twice a week for 6 weeks.
OTHERlow-intensity resistance training combined with blood flow restriction in hypoxia condition
4 sets of 30/15/15/15 repetitions of leg press exercise with a load of 20-30% of one-repetition maximum (weeks 1-3: 20%, weeks 4-6: 30%) in normobaric hypoxia conditions (3500 meters above sea) with lower-limbs blood flow restriction (80% total occlusion pressure) performed twice a week for 6 weeks.
Sponsors
The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Regularly physically active (at least 30 mins of structured exercise 3 times per week), * Sea-level natives, * Experienced in resistance training (at least one year of experience in regular resistance exercise)
Exclusion criteria
* presence of any medical risk factors to exercise and/or exposure to altitude * presence of any medical condition that would make the protocol unreasonably hazardous for the participant * smokers
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle Thickness | within 5 days from the start and end of training | Ultrasonography measure will be used to quantify changes in vastus medialis oblique cross-sectional area. |
| Force Output | Immediately pre and post first and last training session | Force plate will be used to quantify maximum absolute (N) and relative force output (body mass divided per force output in N/kg) during maximum voluntary isometric back squat in a 100ms time frame. Participants will be pushing as hard and as fast as they can on an unmoveable barbell while standing on a force plate. |
| One-Repetition Maximum | within 5 days from the start and end of training | One-Repetition Maximum test in leg press exercise will be performed to quantify maximum lower body dynamic strength (kg). Participants will be performing single repetitions of leg press exercise with increasing load until volitional failure. |
| Maximum Number of Repetitions | within 5 days from the start and end of training | A maximum number of repetitions in leg press exercise will be performed to quantify lower body strength endurance (number). Participants will be performing leg press exercise at 50% of one-repetition maximum until volitional failure. |
| Countermovement Jump Height | Immediately pre and post first and last training session | Countermovement jump height will be performed estimated via take-off velocity performed on force plates to Participants will perform 3 trials on force plate. |
| Countermovement Jump Power Output | Immediately pre and post first and last training session | Countermovement jump performance will be performed to quantify maximum lower body relative and absolute power-output (W/kg and W), and jump height (cm) with concomitant assessment of contraction depth (cm) and contraction time (ms). Participants will perform 3 trials on force plate. |
| Catecholamine Response | Immediately pre and post first and last training session | A blood sample will be analyzed to quantify changes in epinephrine and norepinephrine level changes. |
| Muscle Stiffness | Immediately pre and post first and last training session | Myotonometry measure will be used to quantify changes in vastus medialis oblique muscle stiffness in N/m |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Perception of Pain | Immediately pre and post every training session | A visual analogue scale will be used to quantify the perception of pain (units on a scale). |
| Perception of Effort | Immediately pre and post every training session | The rate of perceived exertion scale will be used to quantify the perception of effort (units on a scale). |
| Blood Pressure | Immediately pre and post first and last training session | Systolic and diastolic blood pressure will be measured to quantify blood pressure responses. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Percentage Body Fat | within 5 days from the start and end of training | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to quantify the percentage of body fat (%). |
| Total Body Mass | within 5 days from the start and end of training | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to quantify total body mass (kg). |
| Bone Mass Density | within 5 days from the start and end of training | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to quantify femur bone mass density (g/cm2). |
| Bone Mineral Content | within 5 days from the start and end of training | Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry will be used to quantify bone mineral content (g). |
Countries
Poland
Outcome results
None listed