Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adolescence, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children
Conditions
Keywords
Anxiety, OCD, Non-responder, Exposure, Children and adolescents, CBT
Brief summary
A substantial part of children/adolescents with anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (AD/OCD) do not profit substantially from first-choice treatment (i.e., cognitive behavioral therapy; CBT). For them, no evidence-based treatment is available. The aim of this project is to evaluate and optimize a newly-developed personalized, short, and intensive exposure-based intervention, 'HANDS-ON', for 'treatment non-responders'. Collaboration with children, parents and teachers, guided exposure in a child's natural environment, personalized treatment goals and meaning/motivation are central principles. Methods: A multiple baseline single-case experimental design is used (qualitative and quantitative). Participants are children/adolescents (10-18 years; N=12) with an AD/OCD diagnosis for whom standard CBT did not lead to sufficient improvement. Children and parents are asked to complete questionnaires before, during, and after the treatment. Children, parents, and school professionals will be asked to participate in qualitative interviews to evaluate their experiences with the HANDS-ON treatment program.
Detailed description
BACKGROUND Nearly half of children and adolescents with anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorders do not reach remission after first-choice treatment (cognitive behavioral therapy; CBT) and 10-25% discontinue treatment prematurely. For them, no evidence-based treatment is available. They may have severe symptoms with a huge impact on daily functioning, quality of life, family life, and society. These youth are at risk of developmental delays, among others due to school refusal. They often receive time-consuming, expensive treatment without evidence of effectiveness. OBJECTIVES The aim of this project is to evaluate and optimize a newly-developed treatment for this group. This treatment, 'HANDS-ON', is innovative, short and intensive, based on scientific research and insights from clinical practice. Collaboration with children, parents and teachers, guided exposure in a child's natural environment, personalized treatment goals and meaning/motivation are central principles. Our research questions are: 1. Quantitative: What are (within-subjects) effects of HANDS-ON on personalized goal attainment, anxiety/OCD severity, and functioning in youth with persistent AD/OCD? 2. Qualitative: What are the experiences, facilitators and barriers of HANDS-ON from a child, parent, school professional and therapist perspective? The results of this study will be used to improve HANDS-ON, with the aim to further investigate its effectiveness in a randomised controlled trial as a next step. METHOD Participants are 12 children/adolescents with persistent anxiety- or obsessive-compulsive symptoms (treatment non-responders). Inclusion criteria: a) age 10-18 years; b) diagnosis of anxiety disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder (DSM-5); c) non-response to previous CBT (CBT with insufficient effect). Co-morbid diagnoses are allowed except for those interfering with safety or warranting immediate treatment (e.g., acute suicidality or psychosis). Design: multiple baseline single-case experimental design. Participants will be randomised to one of four baseline periods (2.5-4 weeks), followed by HANDS-ON (9 weeks) and follow-up (4 weeks). Progress on personalized treatment goals (primary outcome) and on symptoms (impairment and avoidance, secondary outcome) will be measured daily. Other outcomes will be measured at baseline (T0), start HANDS-ON (T1, subset), after HANDS-ON (T2), and at follow-up (T3). Semi-structured interviews (qualitative evaluation) will be conducted with the youth, their parents, school professionals, and therapists (post-treatment). Analyses: The primary outcome will be analysed using randomisation tests and combined using meta-analytic analyses. Descriptive analyses and tests for repeated measures will be used to analyse secondary outcomes. Qualitative interviews will be recorded and analysed using thematic text analysis.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALHANDS-ON treatment
The HANDS-ON treatment consists of three phases: Phase I (preparatory phase, 3 weeks) entails motivation for and commitment to treatment (including meaning in life), collaboration with parents and school professionals, setting individual treatment goals, preparing related exposure exercises. Phase II (intensive phase, 4 weeks) contains intensive, therapist-assisted exposure in a child's natural environment. Phase III (consolidation, 2 weeks) consists of continuation of exposure and consolidation. In this phase, there are weekly sessions with the therapist.
Sponsors
Accare
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SEQUENTIAL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Masking description
Note that research assistants will be blinded for the baseline length of participants during the interview assessments
Intervention model description
Multiple baseline single-case experimental design
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
10 Years to 18 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Age between 10-18 years old; * Meeting DSM-5 criteria for an anxiety disorder/OCD, based on a semi-structured interview (SCID-5 Jr; \[12\]) and clinical judgement of an experienced and authorized clinician; * Non-responder to previous CBT (insufficient benefits from previous CBT for AD/OCD). Comorbid diagnoses are allowed except for those interfering with safety or warranting immediate treatment, e.g., acute suicidality or psychosis.
Exclusion criteria
* Severe psychiatric symptoms other than anxiety/OCD interfering with safety or warranting immediate intervention, e.g. psychosis or acute suicidality.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Individualized treatment goals | Daily child ratings (13 weeks), Timepoint0 (start baseline), Timepoint1 (pre-treatment), Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks later), and Timepoint3 (follow-up, 4 weeks later); parent-rating at Timepoint0, Timepoint1, Timepoint2 and Timepoint3 | Measured daily using the Goal Based Outcomes (GBO) questionnaire. Each participant will set 3 individualized anxiety/OCD-related goals for the treatment, scored on a scale from 1 - 10, where higher scores indicate improved goal progress. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Severity/remission of primary diagnosis | Child and parent ratings at Timepoint0 (start baseline), Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1 [pre-treatment, 2.5-4 weeks after start baseline]), and Timepoint3 (follow-up, 4 weeks after Timepoint2) | Measured using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Childhood Disorders (SCID-5 Junior) \[child and parent report\], with severity indicated as Clinical Severity Rating rated from 1 - 8 (adapted from the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, ADIS-IV) and higher ratings indicating higher severity. |
| Anxiety symptoms | Child and parent ratings at Timepoint0 (start baseline), Timepoint1 (pre-treatment, 2.5-4 weeks after start baseline), Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1), Timepoint3 (follow-up, 4 weeks after Timepoint2) | Measured using the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) \[child and parent report\], with items rated as 0 ('Never'), 1 ('Sometimes'), 2 ('Often'), and 3 ('Always') and higher scores indicating more severity. |
| OCD severity | Combined child and parent ratings at Timepoint0 (start baseline), Timepoint1 (pre-treatment, 2.5-4 weeks after start baseline), Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1), Timepoint3 (follow-up, 4 weeks after Timepoint2) | Only in case of OCD. Measured using the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) \[combined child and parent report\], with items rated from 0 - 4 and higher scores indicating more severity. |
| Family accommodation | Parent ratings at Timepoint0 (start baseline), Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1 [pre-treatment, 2.5-4 weeks after start baseline]), and Timepoint3 (follow-up, 4 weeks after Timepoint2) | Measured using the Family Accommodation Scale - Anxiety/OCD (FASA, parent version), with items rated from 0 - 4 and higher scores indicating more family accommodation. |
| School refusal | Child and parent ratings at Timepoint0 (start baseline), Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1 [pre-treatment, 2.5-4 weeks after start baseline]), and Timepoint3 (follow-up, 4 weeks after Timepoint2) | Measured using the School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children (SRAS-R(-NL)-C/P) \[child and parent report\], with items ranging from 0 - 6 and higher scores indicating more school refusal. |
| Clinical global impression | Clinician ratings at Timepoint0 (start baseline), Timepoint1 (pre-treatment, 2.5-4 weeks after start baseline), Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1), Timepoint3 (follow-up, 4 weeks after Timepoint2) | Measured using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Scale (Severity, Improvement) \[clinician rated\], with two items ranging from 1 - 7 and higher scores indicating more deterioration. |
| Treatment adherence | Clinician rating at Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1 [pre-treatment] and 11.5-13 weeks after Timepoint0 [pre-baseline]) | Checklist for therapists \[clinician rated\], with checkboxes indicating adherence (or deviations) to treatment components |
| Qualitative interview | Between Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1 [pre-treatment] and 11.5-13 weeks after Timepoint0 [pre-baseline]) and Timepoint3 (follow-up, 4 weeks after Timepoint2) | Treatment evaluation, child, parent, and therapist interviews |
| Treatment satisfaction questionnaire | Child and parent ratings at Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1 [pre-treatment] and 11.5-13 weeks after Timepoint0 [pre-baseline]) | Measured using a self-developed satisfaction scale \[child and parent reports\], scale title and minimum/maximum values to be specified |
| Daily anxiety or OCD symptoms | Child rating daily through baseline (2.5-4 weeks), treatment (9 weeks) and partially during follow-up (91 days [13 weeks] for each participant) | Measured daily using two self-developed visual analogue slider scales. One slider measures impairment on a scale from 0 - 100. The other measures avoidance on a scale from 0 - 100. Higher scores indicate more impairment and avoidance. |
| Motivation | Child ratings at Timepoint0 (start baseline), Timepoint1 (pre-treatment, 2.5-4 weeks after start baseline), Timepoint2 (post-treatment, 9 weeks after Timepoint1), Timepoint3 (follow-up, 4 weeks after Timepoint2) | Measured using three items with self-developed visual analogue slider scales, with ratings ranging from 0 - 100 and higher scores indicating more motivation. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Descriptive measures at baseline | Timepoint0 (start baseline) | Age in years |
Countries
Netherlands
Outcome results
None listed