Anxiety, Pain
Conditions
Keywords
Interventional Radiology, Thyroid Biopsy, Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter, Virtual Reality, Pain, Anxiety, Visual Analog Scale
Brief summary
This study explores the use of virtual reality (VR) to reduce pain and anxiety during thyroid biopsies and PICC line insertions under local anesthesia. One group experienced the procedure with VR, while the other group did not. Participants completed questionnaires before and after the surgery to measure pain and anxiety levels. The main goal is to observe if VR can significantly decrease pain and anxiety during these procedures.
Detailed description
This prospective, randomized, controlled study investigates the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) as a means to alleviate pain and anxiety in individuals receiving thyroid biopsies and PICC placements with local anesthesia. This study was conducted at Temple University Hospital between June 2021 and August 2022. A total of 107 patients were randomized into treatment and control groups. The VR experience involved wearing a headset with an immersive 3D visual display and accompanying music, simulating a calming environment. Patients completed Visual Analog Scales for pain and anxiety both before and after the intervention, reflecting their pain and anxiety levels prior to and during the procedure. The primary endpoints were to observe the effect of VR on pain and anxiety in both groups.
Interventions
DEVICEVirtual Reality
Study participants assigned to the VR intervention group were fitted with an HP Reverb G2 Head Mounted Display (HMD) and a wireless mouse prior to preparation for procedure. One virtual environment was utilized, integrating passive and active participant input via gyroscopic motion detection and computer mouse input.
PROCEDUREStandard Procedure Thyroid Biopsy
In this procedure the patient lies down on a bed with their neck tilted back to reveal the thyroid gland. The doctor cleans the skin over the nodule and numbs it with a local anesthetic. The doctor will then use an ultrasound device to visualize the nodule and guide a needle to obtain cells through the syringe. This process may be repeated several times to retrieve adequate tissue for analysis.
PROCEDUREStandard Procedure PICC Placement
In this procedure the patient lies down on a bed and has their arm cleaned and then numbed with a local anesthetic. The doctor then uses an ultrasound to locate a suitable vein in the arm, typically above the elbow. The physician then makes a small incision in the skin and inserts a needle into the vein, followed by guidance of the Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) through the needle until it reaches a large vein near the heart. The final position is confirmed by X-ray and the PICC line is secured at the site of insertion.
Sponsors
Temple University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
SUPPORTIVE_CARE
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age over 18 * Scheduled to receive Fine-Needle Aspiration (FNA) Thyroid Biopsy * Scheduled to receive Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters (PICC)
Exclusion criteria
* Declining to participate * Inability to provide consent * Emergency procedures * Administration of general anesthesia/moderate sedation * Visual or hearing deficits * Pregnancy * Current prisoner status * Nerve or sensory deficits over area of procedure * COVID-19 positive status
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Pain (VAS) | Immediately prior to and after procedure | Pre-procedure pain assessments were obtained using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) corresponding to the patient's expected level of pain during each procedure prior to randomization to treatment or control. VAS scale was measured in mm, 0mm indicating no pain, 100mm indicating worst pain. Following each procedure, participants completed a self-reported survey indicating actual pain felt during procedure on VAS scale. |
| Anxiety (VAS) | Immediately prior to and after procedure | Pre-procedure anxiety assessments were administered using a VAS scale to indicate the patient's level of anxiety prior to randomization to treatment or control. Similar to pain, VAS anxiety scale was measured in mm, 0mm indicating no anxiety, 100mm indicating worst anxiety. Following each procedure, participants completed a self-reported survey indicating actual level anxiety experienced during the procedure on VAS scale. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Three times during procedure | Diastolic blood pressure was collected at three points during each trial: immediately after headset placement, six minutes into each procedure, and immediately following completion of the procedure. |
| Pulse Rate (bpm) | Three times during procedure | Pulse rate was monitored and collected at three points during each trial: immediately after headset placement, six minutes into the procedure, and immediately following completion of the procedure. |
| Lidocaine Administered | Immediately after procedure | Quantity of subcutaneous lidocaine administered recorded in milliliters (mL). |
| Procedure Length | Duration of procedure | Procedure length recorded in minutes |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Three times during procedure | Systolic blood pressure was collected at three points during each trial: immediately after headset placement, six minutes into each procedure, and immediately following completion of the procedure. |
Countries
United States
Outcome results
None listed