Vaccine Response Impaired
Conditions
Keywords
Healthy participants, 18-35 years old, BCG vaccine, Yellow Fever vaccine, Antibiotics
Brief summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to examine immune responses to the BCG vaccine in healthy adults who have, or who have not, taken antibiotics to deplete their gut bacteria prior to vaccination. The main question it aims to answer is: does depletion of the gut microbiota lead to impaired BCG-induced protection against specific and non-specific to challenges to the immune system?
Detailed description
The study is divided into two sub-studies. The first sub-study (BCG re-challenge) is an experimental medicine study in 168 healthy participants to determine if depletion of the gut microbiota leads to impaired BCG-induced protection against a subsequent Mycobacterium bovis BCG intradermal challenge. The second sub-study (Yellow Fever vaccine) has a very similar experimental design to the first but will determine if depletion of the gut microbiota leads to impaired BCG-induced protection against other infections. To assess this, participants in this sub-study (n=180) will be re-challenged after 3 months with a live attenuated viral vaccine, the Yellow Fever vaccine, which induces a mild viremia. In both sub-studies, participants will initially be randomised to receive a 3 day course of antibiotics or none (comparator group). The two groups in each sub-study will be randomised again to receive either BCG vaccine or 0.9% NaCl placebo injection in the left arm. BCG re-challenge sub-study (Sub-study 1): Six months following randomisation, all participants will receive a BCG vaccine challenge in the right arm. A punch skin biopsy will be taken of this challenge site 2 weeks after the challenge to assess M. bovis BCG bacterial load in the skin. Yellow Fever vaccine sub-study (Sub-study 2): Three months following randomisation, all participants will receive a Yellow Fever vaccine challenge in the right arm. Blood samples will be collected from Yellow Fever vaccinated participants at day 3, 5 and 7 following Yellow Fever vaccine challenge to quantify Yellow Fever viral load in blood. All participants in both sub-studies will have blood samples collected at randomisation, before each vaccination, 2 weeks after each BCG vaccination and in the Yellow Fever vaccine sub-study at day 3, 5 and 7 following Yellow Fever vaccination. Stool samples will be collected prior to randomisation, and prior to each vaccination.
Interventions
BIOLOGICALBCG vaccine
0.1ml injected intradermally over the distal insertion of the deltoid muscle onto the humerus
BIOLOGICALYellow Fever vaccine
0.5ml injected subcutaneously
500mg every 6 hours for 3 days
DRUGNeomycin Oral Product
1000mg every 6 hours for 3 days
10mg every 8 hours
DRUGLoperamide HCl
2mg tablets/capsules: 2 tablets/capsules initially, followed by 1 tablet after each loose motion, to a maximum of 8 tablets/capsules per day
Sponsors
Royal Adelaide Hospital
Flinders University
University of Sydney
Telethon Kids Institute
Centenary Institute
South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Masking description
Participants and Investigator are blinded to BCG vaccine or placebo.
Intervention model description
Participants are allocated to Substudy 1 (BCG re-challenge) or Substudy 2 (Yellow Fever vaccine) Participants are randomised to receive * antibiotics or comparator (unblinded) and * BCG vaccine or placebo (blinded) * BCG vaccine or Yellow Fever vaccine (unblinded)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* 18-35 years old * Provided a signed and dated informed consent form * BCG naïve (Arm 1) and BCG and YF vaccine naïve (Arm 2) * Willing to take short antibiotic course * Willing to undergo a punch biopsy (Arm 1) * Willing to have up to 7 blood samples and 3 stool samples collected over 5-7 months * Not pregnant or intending to get pregnant for the duration of the study (a pregnancy test will be offered to females)
Exclusion criteria
* Previous BCG or YF vaccination * Previous YF infection * Evidence of latent TB infection (LTBI) (assessed through a questionnaire) (IGRA to confirm if needed) * People with contraindications for BCG vaccination: * malignancies involving bone marrow or lymphoid systems, primary or secondary immunodeficiencies, HIV infection * moderate/severe skin disease including eczema, dermatitis or psoriasis * requiring immunosuppressive drugs or other immune modifying drugs e.g. corticosteroids, non-biological immunosuppressants, biological agents (such as monoclonal antibodies against tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) * People with contraindications to YF vaccination: * History of thymus disease, including myasthenia gravis, thymoma, thymectomy, DiGeorge syndrome, thymic damage from chemoradiotherapy or graft-versus-host disease * YF vaccination is contraindicated in immunocompromised individuals, including individuals who have HIV infection, primary immunodeficiencies (including inherited IFNAR1 deficiency), or are taking corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive agents and haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients * People who have had a haematopoietic stem cell transplant * Individuals with history of severe allergic reactions to egg or chicken proteins * Pregnant or breastfeeding or planning to become pregnant * History of renal disease/insufficiency * Tattoo obscuring BCG vaccination site(s) * Any history of severe allergic reaction or anaphylaxis to vaccination or antibiotics * People with chronic serious underlying illness * Have received any prescribed oral or intravenous antibiotic in the 28 days prior to study visits 1 and 4 (including isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol as these particular antibiotics have activity against M. bovis)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sub-study 1 BCG re-challenge | 5 years | Mycobacterial load (Colony Forming Units (CFU)) in the skin biopsy site in BCG-vaccinated participants not exposed to antibiotics (BCG-No ABX) compared to BCG-vaccinated participants that were exposed to antibiotics (BCG-ABX) |
| Sub-study 2 Yellow Fever vaccine | 5 years | Yellow Fever viremia (viral copies/ml blood) at D3-7 post YF vaccination in BCG-vaccinated participants not exposed to antibiotics (BCG-No ABX) compared to BCG-vaccinated participants that were exposed to antibiotics (BCG-ABX) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sub-study 1 - Bacterial load | 5 years | Day 0 bacterial load (16S copies/g stool) in all ABX participants vs No-ABX participants |
| Sub-study 2 - Bacterial load | 5 years | Day 0 bacterial load (16S copies/g stool) in all ABX participants vs No-ABX participants |
| Sub-study 1 - Microbiota diversity | 5 years | Day 0 microbiota diversity (Shannon diversity index) in all ABX participants vs No-ABX participants |
| Sub-study 2 - Microbiota diversity | 5 years | Day 0 microbiota diversity (Shannon diversity index) in all ABX participants vs No-ABX participants |
| Sub-study 2 - Heterologous TNFα responses following R848 stimulation | 5 years | D90 PBMC TNFα responses (pg/mL) following in vitro stimulation with viral ligand R848 in BCG-ABX participants versus BCG-No ABX participants |
| Sub-study 1 - Mycobacterial IFNγ responses | 5 years | IFNγ production in pg/mL following stimulation of PBMC with mycobacteria in BCG-ABX participants versus BCG-No ABX participants |
| Sub-study 1 - Mycobacterial T cell activation marker responses | 5 years | % of CD69+CD137+ CD4 T cells following stimulation of PBMC with mycobacteria in BCG-ABX participants versus BCG-No ABX participants |
| Sub-study 2 - Peak viraemia | 5 years | Peak viraemia (viral copies/ml blood) at D3-7 post YF vaccination in BCG-vaccinated participants compared to placebo-vaccinated participants |
| Sub-study 2 - Heterologous TNFα responses following fungal stimulation | 5 years | D90 PBMC TNFα responses (pg/mL) following in vitro stimulation with fungal ligand heat-killed C. albicans in BCG-ABX participants versus BCG-No ABX participant |
| Sub-study 1 - Mycobacterial load | 5 years | Mycobacterial load (CFU) in the skin biopsy site in BCG-vaccinated participants compared to placebo-vaccinated participants |
| Sub-study 2 - Heterologous TNFα responses following LPS stimulation | 5 years | D90 PBMC TNFα responses (pg/mL) following in vitro stimulation with bacterial ligand LPS in BCG-ABX participants versus BCG-No ABX participants |
Countries
Australia
Contacts
Primary ContactDavid Lynn
Outcome results
None listed