Genital Tract Infections, the Vaginal Microbiome and Gestational Age at Birth Among Pregnant Women in South Africa

Bacterial Vaginosis, Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection, Genital Mycoplasma Infection, HIV Infections, Microbial Colonization, Mycoplasma Genitalium Infection, Neisseria Gonorrheae Infection, Pregnancy; Infection, Premature Birth, Sexually Transmitted Infections (Not HIV or Hepatitis), Trichomonas Vaginitis, Ureaplasma Urealyticum Infection, Vaginal Candida

Sexually transmitted infections, Preterm birth, Gestational age at birth, Vaginal microbiome, Genital mycoplasmas, Organism load, Vaginal yeast, Antenatal care

This cohort study plans to investigate associations between the presence of multiple lower genital tract microorganisms in pregnancy and gestational age at birth. The study enrols pregnant women at one public health care facility in East London, South Africa. At enrolment and 30-34 weeks of pregnancy, participants provide swabs for testing for sexually transmitted infections, vaginal yeasts and genital mycoplasmas; for microscopy and Nugent scoring; and for 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing and quantification. The primary outcome is gestational age at birth. Statistical analyses include: regression modelling to explore associations between specific microorganisms (including microbiota) and gestational age at birth; construction of an index of vaginal inflammation, using data about microorganism load and inflammatory potential; classification and regression tree analysis to examine which combinations of microorganisms contribute to earlier gestational age at birth.

Background: Preterm birth complications are the most common cause of death in children under 5 years. In South Africa, the prevalence of both genital tract infections and adverse pregnancy outcomes are high. This study takes a holistic approach, investigating both the presence and quantity of multiple lower genital tract microorganisms, including vaginal microbiota, in pregnancy and their associations with gestational age at birth. Specific objectives are to explore: (1) the association between the presence of specific lower genital tract microorganisms and gestational age at birth (primary outcome), as well as secondary adverse pregnancy outcomes; (2) the association between quantified load of vaginal and sexually transmitted microorganisms and gestational age at birth (primary outcome) as well as secondary adverse pregnancy outcomes; and (3) the combinations of microorganisms that are most strongly associated with earlier gestational age at birth. Methods: This prospective closed cohort study follows women enrolled during pregnancy until after they give birth. This cohort study is part of a larger project, called Philani Ndiphile (meaning 'be healthy and I will be healthy' in isiXhosa). A trained study field worker checks for eligibility and obtains written informed consent. A study nurse performs an abdominal ultrasound to estimate the gestational age and confirm eligibility. At the enrolment visit and a follow-up visit at 30-34 weeks, a study nurse collects vaginal specimens for: on-site testing for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (with antibiotic treatment if positive); and offsite testing for: Nugent scoring; detection and quantification of Mycoplasma genitalium, M. hominis, Ureaplasma. parvum, U. Urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida spp. and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing for vaginal microbiota analyses. At a post-natal visit, 3-6 days after giving birth, a study nurse collects information about the birth outcome. Statistical analyses include: Objective 1. a) univariable and multivariable regression analyses for associations between specific microorganisms and gestational age at birth. b) compositional multivariable analysis methods to analyse individual taxon relative abundances and mixed effects models to assess associations between pregnancy outcome and vaginal microbiota diversity, vaginal microbiota types and absolute abundances of predefined bacterial groups. Objective 2. Development of a 'vaginal inflammation index', based on quantification of the vaginal microbiota and their inflammatory potential. This vaginal inflammation index will be analysed as a fixed effect in mixed effects models with pregnancy outcomes. Objective 3. Classification and regression tree analyses to examine the combination of microorganisms that best predicts earlier gestational age at birth.

South Africa