Intimate Partner Violence, Child Maltreatment
Conditions
Brief summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to test the efficacy of Fathers for Change (F4C) compared to standard Batterer Intervention for fathers with a history of Intimate Partner Violence. The main question\[s\] it aims to answer are: 1. Is F4C more efficacious than standard BIP in reducing family violence and child mental health impairment? 2. What are the trajectories of therapeutic change targets across interventions? 3. Does father's emotion regulation and reflective functioning mediate the relationship between the two interventions and child-related outcomes? Participants will be randomized to either Fathers for Change on Batterer Intervention.
Detailed description
Children's exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), often perpetrated by fathers, has been described as a gateway to other adversity, with more than a 50% co-occurrence of direct forms of child maltreatment (CM). IPV exposure can wreak havoc on children, with risk for psychosocial impairments, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), that can emerge early and cascade across development. Lacking are interventions that adequately address the complex nature of IPV in families, including fatherhood and coparenting. This gap reflects a bias towards excluding offending fathers from child-focused work and an overreliance on batterer intervention programs (BIPs), which have shown negligible effects in meta-analyses and fail to address the roots of offending behaviors in fathers. Consequently, IPV exposed children remain at risk and fathers' personal and interpersonal functioning, including the father-child relationship, does not improve. In effect, there is an urgent need for effective interventions for fathers and their families. Fathers for Change (F4C) is a novel fatherhood-focused intervention with a dual focus on IPV and CM that focuses on identifying, understanding, and managing emotions to reduce aggression and improve partner and parent-child interactions. F4C has a growing evidence-base demonstrating significant reductions in family violence, improved father-child interactions, and in one open trial, improved child mental health. Proposed therapeutic mechanisms of F4C include reflective functioning (RF), the capacity for parents to understand their own and children's actions as a function of underlying states and motivations, and emotion regulation (ER), the capacity to exert control over emotional states and reactions to threat. Poor RF and ER have been associated with increased family violence and stress-related psychopathology, suggesting key focal points for intervention. To date, there have been no empirical examinations of ER and RF as therapeutic change mechanisms for reducing family violence and improving father-child interactions and child mental health. Proposed is a dual-site, multi-modal examination of ER and RF in fathers (of children 4-7 y.o.) randomized to F4C (N=180) or the Duluth Model (N=180), a BIP serving as active control. In-session observational coding will assess adaptive and maladaptive ER and RF across treatment. Weekly self-ratings will assess at-home ER and RF. Aims will (1) assess efficacy of F4C compared to a standard BIP in reducing family violence and child mental health impairment, (2) map and compare trajectories of therapeutic change targets across interventions, and (3) examine the mediating role of father's ER and RF on child-related outcomes. This proposal will grow the evidence-base for F4C and advance our understanding of therapeutic mechanisms through which F4C exerts its effects.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALFathers for Change
18 week individual therapy focused on fathers' emotion regulation, reflective functioning and family communication.
BEHAVIORALDuluth BIP
18 week individually delivered psychoeducation and CBT focused program focused on intimate partner violence
Sponsors
University of Connecticut
University of Delaware
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
Yale University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* have at least one 6 month to 12-year-old biological child with whom they have contact; * had an incident of IPV within the last 12 months prior to screening with their child's mother (based on court/police records, coparent or self-report); * have a currently open or recently investigated (in the last 6 months) case with CT DCF * are able to complete assessments in English; * agree to have their female coparents (mother of target child) contacted as collateral informants and for consent for participation of their child. If a participant has more than one child in the age range, the youngest will be selected; * female coparents (i.e., biological mother who need not be in a relationship with the father) consents to (at minimum) provide parent-report on child; however, may opt out of child participation. If the coparent agrees to participate by providing caregiver-report on child symptoms, but declines participation of their shared child, the father may still participate in the study if he meets eligibility criteria outlined below; thus, preventing any possible retaliation against co-parents for not consenting to child participation.
Exclusion criteria
Fathers will be excluded based on the following
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Physical Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) overtime | Baseline, 19 weeks, 43 weeks and 70 weeks | The Physical Intimate Partner Violence Subscale of the Family Socialization Interview-Revised will be used to assess physical IPV. Items are coded on a 4-point scale for severity from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Scores are averaged to achieve a total score with a range of 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate greater frequency and severity of Physical IPV. |
| Change in Verbal Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) overtime | Baseline, 19 weeks, 43 weeks and 70 weeks | The Verbal Intimate Partner Violence Subscale of the Family Socialization Interview-Revised will be used to assess verbal IPV. Items are coded on a 4-point scale for severity from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Scores are averaged to achieve a final score with a range of 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate greater frequency and severity of verbal IPV. |
| Change in Physical Child Maltreatment overtime | Baseline, 19 weeks, 43 weeks and 70 weeks | Family Socialization Interview-Revised will be used to assess physical child maltreatment. The Physical scale will be used for this outcome. Items are ranked on 0-4 point scale from 0 (none) to 4 (severe) and averaged for a final score with a range of 0 to 4 with higher scores indicating greater frequency and severity of physical child maltreatment risk. |
| Change in Verbal Child Maltreatment overtime | Baseline, 19 weeks, 43 weeks and 70 weeks | Family Socialization Interview-Revised will be used to assess physical child maltreatment. The verbal scale will be used for this outcome. Items are ranked on 0-4 point scale from 0 (none) to 4 (severe) and averaged for a final score with a range of 0 to 4 with higher scores indicating greater frequency and severity of verbal child maltreatment risk. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Child Depression Symptoms | Baseline, 19 weeks, 43 weeks and 70 weeks | The Child Trauma Symptom Checklist will be used to assess child Depression symptoms. Each symptom item is rated according to its frequency of occurrence using a four point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 3 (often). The depression subscale score is converted to a t-score based on measure norms with scores ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater severity of anxiety symptoms. |
| Change in Child Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms overtime | Baseline, 19 weeks, 43 weeks and 70 weeks | The Child Trauma Symptom Checklist will be used to assess child PTSD symptoms. Each symptom item is rated according to its frequency of occurrence using a four point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 3 (often). The PTSD total raw score is converted to a t-score based on measure norms with scores ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater severity of posttraumatic symptoms. |
| Change in Child Aggression Symptoms | Baseline, 19 weeks, 43 weeks and 70 weeks | The Child Trauma Symptom Checklist will be used to assess child aggression symptoms. Each symptom item is rated according to its frequency of occurrence using a four point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 3 (often). The Aggression subscale score is converted to a t-score based on measure norms with scores ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater severity of aggression symptoms. |
| Change in Father-child interactions overtime | Baseline, 19 weeks, and 70 weeks | Child interactive behavior coding based on 15 minute play assessment coded for dyadic reciprocity, fluency, conflict and hostility. Scores are on a 1 to 4 point scale. An average score is generated for a range of 1 to 4. Higher scores indicate more of the coded behavior. |
| Change in Coercive Controlling Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) overtime | Baseline, 19 weeks, 43 weeks and 70 weeks | The Coercive Controlling Intimate Partner Violence Subscale of the Family Socialization Interview-Revised will be used to assess verbal IPV. Items are coded on a 4-point scale for severity from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Scores are averaged to achieve a final score with a range of 0 to 4. Higher scores indicate greater frequency and severity of coercive controlling IPV. |
| Change in Child Anxiety Symptoms | Baseline, 19 weeks, 43 weeks and 70 weeks | The Child Trauma Symptom Checklist will be used to assess child Anxiety symptoms. Each symptom item is rated according to its frequency of occurrence using a four point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 3 (often). The Anxiety subscale score is converted to a t-score based on measure norms with scores ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater severity of anxiety symptoms. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
Primary ContactCarla S Stover, PhD
Outcome results
None listed