Menstrual Cycle
Conditions
Keywords
Immune system & metabolism
Brief summary
As there are fluctuations in the hormonal balance during the menstrual cycle, it is assumed that due to the interaction between the hormonal system and the immune system, some diseases might be worsened in the course of a cycle. This interaction is particularly important during the phases of the cycle when the corpus luteum is formed and secretes estrogens and progesterone (secretion phase, luteal phase), as well as during menstruation itself. To date, there is no comprehensive review regarding the molecular signaling pathways that are active during and influence the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle influences blood glucose levels. Women are subject to greater fluctuations in blood glucose levels than men according to the phases of the menstrual cycle (menstrual phase, proliferative phase, ovulation, luteal phase). Since there are contradictory results regarding the influence of the menstrual cycle on glucose metabolism, the glucose and insulin response, as well as the glucose-dependent intestinal hormone glucagon-like peptide 1(GLP-1) after food intake are determined in the study presented here using an oral glucose tolerance test.
Detailed description
Within the menstrual cycle there are strong hormonal fluctuations. Therefore, it is obvious that the interaction between the endocrine system and the immune system play an important role in the progression of different diseases during the course of a cycle, especially during the luteal phase and menstruation. The molecular signaling pathways that are active during the menstrual cycle and have an influence on it have not been extensively elucidated to date. Furthermore, glucose homeostasis, on which the female cycle also can have an influence, is part of the research. Study results show that when an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) is performed, women are subject to greater fluctuations in blood glucose levels than men. This seems to be dependent on the phases of the female menstrual cycle. It was shown that glucose metabolism was impaired in the luteal phase. Contradictory to this, in another study no significant influence on glucose metabolism by the menstrual cycle could be detected. Based on these equivocal results, in this study the postprandial glucose and insulin response, as well of the glucose-dependent gut hormone GLP-1 in the different cycle phases will be examined. For this purpose, an intervention study is set up in which blood samples are taken at five different time points and the subjects participate in an oGTT at four of these different time points in their individual menstrual cycle. Furthermore, anthropometry measures and body composition will be determined with the help of Bodpod and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) measurements. A diary will also be kept during the entire study duration in order to record the habitual diet. In addition, different subgroups are studied: continuous measurement of body temperature or glucose levels using sensors, continuous collection of stool samples and documentation of daily nutrition using an app. To account for regular daily variations in immunological measurements that are not related to the menstrual cycle, a cohort of healthy, male individuals will be examined.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
University Hospital, Bonn
Radboud University Medical Center
University of Bonn
Study design
Observational model
COHORT
Time perspective
PROSPECTIVE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
20 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Women or men * Age between 20 and 30 years * BMI: 18,5 - 25 kg/m2 * Written informed consent to participate in the study * if applicable: Regular menstruation in the last 6 months * if applicable: Cycle length between 21 and 35 days for each cycle in the last 6 months (self-reported).
Exclusion criteria
* Smoking * Mental illness * Chronic illnesses * Antibiotic therapy 3 weeks before the start of the study * Alcohol, medication and/or drug abuse (BTMG-liable or other psychotropic substances) * Participation in another clinical study at the same time or within the last 30 days * Hospitalization in the last 3 months * Inflammatory condition in the last 30 days or during the course of the study * Other
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| characterisation of peripheral immune cells | through study completion, an average of 1 year | scRNA-seq, PRECISE platform |
| gonadotropins | through study completion, an average of 1 year | concentration of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) (pmol/l), central laboratory, University Hospital Bonn (UKB) |
| sex hormones | through study completion, an average of 1 year | concentration of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone (pmol/l), central laboratory, UKB Bonn |
| cytokines | through study completion, an average of 1 year | concentration of cytokines in blood (pmol/l) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Habitual diet | baseline | Food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), Nutrient (mg/day) and food intake (portions/day) |
| blood pressure | during the procedure | blood pressure (mmHG) and heart rate (bpm), measured with Boso-carat professional, Bosch und Sohn GmbH und Co. KG, Jungingen) |
| body composition | during the procedure | body composition (fat mass and fat free mass in %), measured with BIA and BOD POD |
| body weight | during the procedure | body weight (kg), measured with electrical scale (seca scale 704, seca GmbH und Co. KG, Hamburg) |
| circumference | during the procedure | circumference of waist and hip (cm), measure tape |
| GLP-1 | through study completion, an average of 1 year | fasting and postprandial (after OGTT) blood GLP-1 concentration (pmol/l), measured by ELISA |
| glucose | during the procedure | fasting and postprandial (after OGTT) blood glucose concentration (mg/dl), Biosen C-line, EKF |
| stool consistency | baseline | questionnaire assessing stool consistency (Bristol-stool-scale), score from 1-7 |
| continuous measurement of body temperature | during the procedure | iButton (Moritz Fuchs Elektronik, Weingarten) |
| continuous measurement of glucose levels | during the procedure | FreeStyle Libre 3 sensor (Abbott GmbH, Wiesbaden) |
| continuous collection of stool samples | during the procedure | continuous measurement of bacterial composition of gut microbiota (diversity, taxonomy) |
| documentation of daily nutrition | during the procedure | Perfood Labs App (Perfood GmbH, Lübeck), macronutrient composition (mg) |
| intestinal transit time | baseline | intestinal transit time (hours), measured by the blue-poo method |
| insulin | through study completion, an average of 1 year | fasting and postprandial (after OGTT) blood insulin concentration (mU/l), central laboratory, UKB Bonn |
| gut microbiome | through study completion, an average of 1 year | stool: bacterial composition of gut microbiota (diversity, taxonomy) |
| body height | baseline | body height (cm), measured with stadiometer (seca scale 704, seca GmbH und Co. KG, Hamburg) |
Countries
Germany
Contacts
Primary ContactMarie-Christine Simon, Junior professor
Backup ContactTal Pecht, Doctor
Outcome results
None listed