Depression
Conditions
Keywords
Adolescent, Adolescent Medicine, Mental Health Services, eHealth, Online Systems, Primary Healthcare, Social Media, Social Support
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to examine participant adherence to intervention feasibility and acceptability of intervention, attention control, and implementation strategy.
Detailed description
A 1:1 pilot randomized controlled trial of the SOVA Peer Ambassador Program compared to attention control: brief psychoeducational independent assignments (i.e. reading SOVA articles and responding to open-ended questions without content creation and without peer interaction) (N=40) and evaluate feasibility of implementation strategy.
Interventions
The SOVA Ambassador intervention includes: adolescents will have access to the website specifically for adolescents: sova.pitt.edu These anonymous websites aim to: (1) challenge negative health beliefs and increase depression/anxiety knowledge through daily blog posts enhanced with peer commentary; (2) promote social support through online peer interactions; and (3) encourage parent-adolescent mental health communication through same day blog posts with questions for discussion. Participants that receive this intervention will contribute monthly articles and regular comments.
Participant will be given an article from the sova.pitt.edu website and a prompt to write about privately.
Sponsors
Study design
Masking description
The statistician conducting analyses will be blinded to randomized arm.
Eligibility
Inclusion criteria
* Ages 14 to 21 Can read and understand English Has completed 6th grade Scores at least 5 or greater on the PHQ-8 (depression) and/or 5 or greater on GAD-7 (anxiety) consistent with at least mild symptoms
Exclusion criteria
* no access to internet Has an intellectual or physical ability which prohibits reading text on the internet (can participate if able to use with assistance, e.g. can use text to speech) No active email account (can participate if plans to create one)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Feasibility of Intervention | 12 weeks | Average number of articles written per participant; Research team extract data from websites and observation notes |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Feasibility of Control Arm | 12 weeks | Average number of submissions to questions on the REDCap form per participant in the Attention control arm Research team extract data from REDCap |
| Acceptability of Intervention | 12 weeks | Acceptability of Intervention Measure; Open-ended question (asked the SOVA Website meets my approval) |
| Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Baseline | Open-ended question: How acceptable to you was it to participate in this program? (referring to mental health program used as an implementation strategy) asked at baseline |
| Acceptability of Randomization | 12 weeks | Single item open-ended question inquiring how acceptable it was to being randomly chosen to participate in the SOVA Ambassador arm versus the control arm |
| Depression Severity | 6 weeks | Patient Health Questionnaire-9 measures depression severity a higher score indicating greater severity. The PHQ-8 version was used with the 9th item omitted, score range is 0 to 24 |
| Anxiety Severity | 6 weeks | Generalized Anxiety Disorders 7-item Questionnaire measures extent of anxiety symptoms. The total score ranges from 0 to 21 with a higher score indicating greater severity. |
| Resilience/Positive Youth Development | 6 weeks | Positive Youth Development will be assessed using The Positive Youth Development Very Short Form (PYD-VSF). The confidence subscale is reported which has 3 items with a total score ranging from 3 to 13 (α = 0.78), a higher score associated with a greater level of confidence. |
| Self-Esteem | 6 weeks | The 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (α = 0.93) will be administered to assess participants' self-esteem. Items on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ask about self-worth and self-acceptance and are scored using a four-point scale from 1 = strongly disagree, to 4 = strongly agree. The scores on each question are summed together, with higher scores indicating greater self-esteem. Scores range from 10-40 with a higher score equating to higher self esteem. |
| Emotional Self-Efficacy | 6 weeks | Emotional self-efficacy will be assessed using The Mental Health Self-Efficacy Scale (MHSES) (α = 0.82) Clarke 2014. MHSES was developed according to guidelines by Bandura as to how to create self-efficacy questionnaires (Bandura, 2006) . The questionnaire contains six items asking about the participant's confidence level in performing mental health self-care behaviors. Scoring of the MHSES is based on a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("Not at all confident") to 10 ("Totally confident"). Scores are a mean score ranging 1-10 with higher scores meaning higher mental health self-efficacy. |
| Social Isolation | 6 weeks | The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale will be administered to all participants to measure social isolation (α = 0.93). This 20-item scale measures one's feelings of social isolation and is scored using a four-point scale (1 = never; 2 = rarely; 3 = sometimes; 4 = often) . Score range 20-80, higher score is higher isolation. |
| Social Support | 6 weeks | The Medical Outcome Study Social Support Scale measures types of social support. Higher levels associated with greater support. We will use the emotional/informational subscale from this report and calculate the mean per item score on a range of 1 to 5. |
| Stigma | 6 weeks | The Depression Stigma Scale measures stigmatizing attitudes toward depression treatment. It is a continuous measure and the total score ranges from 0-36. There are two subscales: the personal stigma subscale which totals 0-18 and the perceived stigma subscale which totals 0-18. These two are summed for the total stigma score. A higher score indicates a worse outcome. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
University of Pittsburgh
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program Participants will be given login information for a website sova.pitt.edu. They will be given weekly emails notifications about new posts. The participant will be onboarded as a blogging peer ambassador. The participant will be expected to contribute content to the website at least once a month by
1. writing a blog article
2. sending information (de-identified photo or video or music) to post
• If they choose this option they will be encouraged to submit their own photo, video, or music to the website or they will be encouraged to write a response to a photo, video, or music piece.
3. being interviewed by the RA and then the RA ghostwriting an article about the interview which they pre-approve prior to it being posted.
SOVA Ambassador: The SOVA Ambassador intervention includes:
adolescents will have access to the website specifically for adolescents: sova.pitt.edu These anonymous websites aim to: (1) challenge negative health beliefs and increase depression/anxiety knowledge through daily blog posts enhanced with peer commentary; (2) promote social support through online peer interactions; and (3) encourage parent-adolescent mental health communication through same day blog posts with questions for discussion.
Participants that receive this intervention will contribute monthly articles and regular comments. | 6 |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments Participants will be sent a REDCap form where they will receive a link to a SOVA article to read and a question for them to answer about what they read that will be accessible only to the study team. They will be asked to do this a couple times a month and will be reminded about their participation.
Self-Reflection: Participant will be given an article from the sova.pitt.edu website and a prompt to write about privately. | 6 |
| Total | 12 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 15.8 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 | 15.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 | 15.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.7 |
| Anxiety Severity | 6.59 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.65 | 5.67 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.5 | 7.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.81 |
| Depression Severity | 7.83 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.29 | 6.83 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 | 8.83 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.99 |
| Emotional Self-Efficacy | 6.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.6 | 6.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.9 | 6.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.4 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 11 Participants | 5 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status (National) | 6.0 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 | 6.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.2 | 5.9 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.8 |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 5 Participants | 2 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Resilience/Positive Youth Development | 8.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.9 | 8.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.1 | 8.5 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3 |
| Self-Esteem | 28.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.9 | 28.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.8 | 28.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.4 |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 9 Participants | 4 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Social Isolation | 47.1 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.7 | 50.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.6 | 44 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.6 |
| Social Support | 3.3 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.9 | 3.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.8 | 3.4 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1 |
| Stigma | 19.2 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.1 | 18.8 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.9 | 19.7 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.9 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 6 | 0 / 6 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 6 | 0 / 6 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 6 | 0 / 6 |
Outcome results
Feasibility of Intervention
Average number of articles written per participant; Research team extract data from websites and observation notes
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Feasibility of Intervention | 1.67 content pieces | Standard Deviation 1.75 |
Acceptability of Implementation Strategy
Open-ended question: How acceptable to you was it to participate in this program? (referring to mental health program used as an implementation strategy) asked at baseline
Time frame: Baseline
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Very acceptable | 3 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Somewhat acceptable | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Neither | 1 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Somewhat unacceptable | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Very unacceptable | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Did not attend program | 2 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Very unacceptable | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Very acceptable | 3 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Somewhat unacceptable | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Somewhat acceptable | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Did not attend program | 3 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Implementation Strategy | Neither | 0 Participants |
Acceptability of Intervention
Acceptability of Intervention Measure; Open-ended question (asked the SOVA Website meets my approval)
Time frame: 12 weeks
Population: 5 individuals in SOVA Ambassador arm did not complete 12 week measure, lost to follow-up
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Completely Agree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Agree | 1 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Neither Agree nor Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Completely Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Completely Agree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Agree | 1 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Neither Agree nor Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Completely Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Completely Agree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Agree | 1 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Neither Agree nor Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Completely Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Completely Agree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Agree | 1 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Neither Agree nor Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Completely Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Neither Agree nor Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Completely Agree | 3 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Completely Agree | 2 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Agree | 3 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Completely Agree | 2 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Neither Agree nor Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Agree | 3 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Completely Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website meets my approval. | Completely Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Neither Agree nor Disagree | 1 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Completely Agree | 2 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Agree | 4 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Agree | 4 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Neither Agree nor Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I welcome the SOVA website. | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | I like the SOVA website. | Completely Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Intervention | The SOVA website is appealing to me. | Completely Disagree | 0 Participants |
Acceptability of Randomization
Single item open-ended question inquiring how acceptable it was to being randomly chosen to participate in the SOVA Ambassador arm versus the control arm
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Randomization | Somewhat Acceptable | 1 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Randomization | Somewhat Unacceptable | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Randomization | Very Acceptable | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Randomization | Very Unacceptable | 0 Participants |
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Acceptability of Randomization | Neither | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Randomization | Very Unacceptable | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Randomization | Somewhat Acceptable | 3 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Randomization | Neither | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Randomization | Somewhat Unacceptable | 0 Participants |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Acceptability of Randomization | Very Acceptable | 3 Participants |
Anxiety Severity
Generalized Anxiety Disorders 7-item Questionnaire measures extent of anxiety symptoms. The total score ranges from 0 to 21 with a higher score indicating greater severity.
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Anxiety Severity | 7 units on a scale | — |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Anxiety Severity | 5.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.88 |
Anxiety Severity
Generalized Anxiety Disorders 7-item Questionnaire measures extent of anxiety symptoms. The total score ranges from 0 to 21 with a higher score indicating greater severity.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Anxiety Severity | 7.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.24 |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Anxiety Severity | 7.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.08 |
Depression Severity
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 measures depression severity a higher score indicating greater severity. The PHQ-8 version was used with the 9th item omitted, score range is 0 to 24
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Depression Severity | 9 units on a scale | — |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Depression Severity | 8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.4 |
Depression Severity
Patient Health Questionnaire-9 measures depression severity a higher score indicating greater severity. The PHQ-8 version was used with the 9th item omitted, score range is 0 to 24
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Depression Severity | 9.00 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.68 |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Depression Severity | 9.50 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.02 |
Emotional Self-Efficacy
Emotional self-efficacy will be assessed using The Mental Health Self-Efficacy Scale (MHSES) (α = 0.82) Clarke 2014. MHSES was developed according to guidelines by Bandura as to how to create self-efficacy questionnaires (Bandura, 2006) . The questionnaire contains six items asking about the participant's confidence level in performing mental health self-care behaviors. Scoring of the MHSES is based on a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Not at all confident) to 10 (Totally confident). Scores are a mean score ranging 1-10 with higher scores meaning higher mental health self-efficacy.
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Emotional Self-Efficacy | 6 units on a scale | — |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Emotional Self-Efficacy | 7.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.5 |
Emotional Self-Efficacy
Emotional self-efficacy will be assessed using The Mental Health Self-Efficacy Scale (MHSES) (α = 0.82) Clarke 2014. MHSES was developed according to guidelines by Bandura as to how to create self-efficacy questionnaires (Bandura, 2006) . The questionnaire contains six items asking about the participant's confidence level in performing mental health self-care behaviors. Scoring of the MHSES is based on a 10-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (Not at all confident) to 10 (Totally confident). Scores are a mean score ranging 1-10 with higher scores meaning higher mental health self-efficacy.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Emotional Self-Efficacy | 6.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.9 |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Emotional Self-Efficacy | 6.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1 |
Feasibility of Control Arm
Average number of submissions to questions on the REDCap form per participant in the Attention control arm Research team extract data from REDCap
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Feasibility of Control Arm | 5.5 entries | Standard Deviation 1.2 |
Resilience/Positive Youth Development
Positive Youth Development will be assessed using The Positive Youth Development Very Short Form (PYD-VSF). The confidence subscale is reported which has 3 items with a total score ranging from 3 to 13 (α = 0.78), a higher score associated with a greater level of confidence.
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Resilience/Positive Youth Development | 4 units on a scale | — |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Resilience/Positive Youth Development | 7.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.9 |
Resilience/Positive Youth Development
Positive Youth Development will be assessed using The Positive Youth Development Very Short Form (PYD-VSF). The confidence subscale is reported which has 3 items with a total score ranging from 3 to 13 (α = 0.78), a higher score associated with a greater level of confidence.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Resilience/Positive Youth Development | 7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Resilience/Positive Youth Development | 8.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |
Self-Esteem
The 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (α = 0.93) will be administered to assess participants' self-esteem. Items on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ask about self-worth and self-acceptance and are scored using a four-point scale from 1 = strongly disagree, to 4 = strongly agree. The scores on each question are summed together, with higher scores indicating greater self-esteem. Scores range from 10-40
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Self-Esteem | 25 score on a scale | — |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Self-Esteem | 28.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.7 |
Self-Esteem
The 10-item Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) (α = 0.93) will be administered to assess participants' self-esteem. Items on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale ask about self-worth and self-acceptance and are scored using a four-point scale from 1 = strongly disagree, to 4 = strongly agree. The scores on each question are summed together, with higher scores indicating greater self-esteem. Scores range from 10-40 with a higher score equating to higher self esteem.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Self-Esteem | 26.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Self-Esteem | 26.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.2 |
Social Isolation
The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale will be administered to all participants to measure social isolation (α = 0.93). This 20-item scale measures one's feelings of social isolation and is scored using a four-point scale (1 = never; 2 = rarely; 3 = sometimes; 4 = often) . Score range 20-80, higher score is higher isolation.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Social Isolation | 52 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.6 |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Social Isolation | 42.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.8 |
Social Isolation
The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale will be administered to all participants to measure social isolation (α = 0.93). This 20-item scale measures one's feelings of social isolation and is scored using a four-point scale (1 = never; 2 = rarely; 3 = sometimes; 4 = often) . Score range 20-80, higher score is higher isolation.
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Social Isolation | 50 units on a scale | — |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Social Isolation | 40.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.4 |
Social Support
The Medical Outcome Study Social Support Scale measures types of social support. Higher levels associated with greater support. We will use the emotional/informational subscale from this report and calculate the mean per item score on a range of 1 to 5.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Social Support | 3.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.7 |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Social Support | 3.1 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.3 |
Social Support
The Medical Outcome Study Social Support Scale measures types of social support. Higher levels associated with greater support. We will use the emotional/informational subscale from this report and calculate the mean per item score on a range of 1 to 5.
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Social Support | 3.6 units on a scale | — |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Social Support | 3.2 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
Stigma
The Depression Stigma Scale measures stigmatizing attitudes toward depression treatment. It is a continuous measure and the total score ranges from 0-36. There are two subscales: the personal stigma subscale which totals 0-18 and the perceived stigma subscale which totals 0-18. These two are summed for the total stigma score. A higher score indicates a worse outcome.
Time frame: 12 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Stigma | 12 units on a scale | — |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Stigma | 17.0 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
Stigma
The Depression Stigma Scale measures stigmatizing attitudes toward depression treatment. It is a continuous measure and the total score ranges from 0-36. There are two subscales: the personal stigma subscale which totals 0-18 and the perceived stigma subscale which totals 0-18. These two are summed for the total stigma score. A higher score indicates a worse outcome.
Time frame: 6 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| SOVA Peer Ambassador Program | Stigma | 19.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.9 |
| Attention Control: Brief Psychoeducational Independent Assignments | Stigma | 18.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.3 |