Physical Inactivity
Conditions
Keywords
Risk Factors, Disease Prevention, Alzheimer's Disease, Motivation
Brief summary
This is a four-week pilot randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention in older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. Older participants are a subgroup from the PREVENT-AD longitudinal cohort. We will test whether a four-week intergenerational social motivation using a technology-based platform (intervention group) enhances physical activity relative to a control group.
Detailed description
This study is a two-arm, single-site randomized controlled trial to test whether a four-week technology-based intergenerational social motivation intervention enhances physical activity in 60 cognitively unimpaired older adults with a first-degree history of Alzheimer's disease. These at-risk older adults will be recruited as a subgroup from a longitudinal cohort at McGill University, PREVENT-AD. At the outset, half of the participants will be randomized to the intergenerational social motivation condition (intervention group) and the other half will be randomized to the control group (1:1). A multimodal AD risk score based on older participants' already acquired AD biomarker, health and cognitive data will be used as strata for randomization to ensure equal assignment of high-risk participants to Intervention and control groups, using a permuted block method with random blocks. The primary outcome is an increase in step count as measured by accelerometer. Secondary outcomes are an increase in total physical activity, mood, generativity, cognition, and loneliness. After an initial visit consisting of behavioral testing and structural and functional MRI, participants in the intervention group will be paired with younger adults (14 to 40 years) to form intergenerational dyads. Younger adults are either a family member of the older adult or a younger adult recruited from the community. Participants in the intervention group will receive personalized, positive daily messages over a four-week period via their device using the 'Our Family Garden' technology platform. These daily messages combine (1) pro-social goals (donation to charity after reaching exercise goals), (2) intergenerational social engagement, and (3) positive personalized messages from their younger study partners. This study will have 6 visits over a 2-month period in addition to the four-week intervention period (3 months total). Cognitive and behavioral data will be collected at each visit and physical activity data will be collected over the intervention period. The primary endpoint is defined as the end of the initial period. Data collected are stored in one of three ways; (1) Physical activity monitoring data are extracted from their respective software packages and uploaded directly to a secure data storage environment at a high-performance computing facility. All pen-and-paper psychosocial and neuropsychological assessments are scored and entered in REDCap. Computerized psychosocial assessments are collected directly in REDCap and computerized neuropsychological assessments are entered in REDCap. TextMagic is used to distribute the daily intervention messages. Collected and anonymized survey data are stored on the web application behind an administrative login developed with Django, a high-level Python web framework. All data from REDCap will be exported to CSV files using the data de-identification feature for subsequent analysis with R and SPSS statistical analysis packages. After compiling all data across the 3 different data servers, data will be checked for completeness and correctness using frequency distributions (for missing data and out-of-range values). For the final dataset, the multiple imputations by chained equations (MICE) will be used to input missing values with 10 imputations.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALMotivational behavioural intervention and daily activities monitoring
Social motivation manipulation, self-transcendence daily messaging, and daily activities monitoring through accelerometry. Participants in this arm will have a study partner who receives daily feedback on the main participant's daily step count.
BEHAVIORALActive Control
Daily activities monitored through accelerometry.
Sponsors
Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital
McGill University
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
Douglas Mental Health University Institute
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Intervention model description
Intergenerational Social Motivation Behavioral Intervention using a Technology-based Platform Our research will test an innovative, technology-based, and readily scalable cross-generational social behavior intervention to enhance physical activity in at-risk older adults through a randomized controlled trial.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
60 Years to 95 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Main Participant Inclusion criteria: Men and women \> 60 years Who are current participants of the PREVENT-AD Longitudinal Cohort at McGill University. No contraindications to MRI Imaging. Normal cognition Not exercising more than 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week or sitting more than 8 hours per day AND responded yes to the question Do you want to increase your physical activity? Fluency in English or French Access to a computer or smartphone with internet Normal or corrected-to-normal vision based on the minimal 20/20 standard Ambulatory without significant increase in pain with walking or the assistance of walking devices Main Participant
Exclusion criteria
Primary care physician does not approve additional physical activity An inability to ambulate without the assistance of another person or severe pain Any unstable medical condition: * History of a psychiatric illness including schizophrenia or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). History of anxiety or depression accepted if stable on medication for at least 6 months * Current treatment for cancer - except non-melanoma skin cancer * Neurological condition (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and stroke) * Current alcohol or substance abuse * Current treatment for congestive heart failure, angina, uncontrolled arrhythmia, Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) or other unstable cardiovascular condition * Myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, angioplasty or other cardiac event in the past six months. Younger Adult Inclusion Criteria: * Can be identified as child or grandchild of participant (biological or adopted), 14 years or older. * Can be a young adult (18 years or older) who is not a relative of the main participant, in case a grandchild or child is not available. * Stable on antidepressants for more than 6 months. * In contact with the primary participant more than once per 12 months at baseline * Lives anywhere in Canada if 18 years and older, or anywhere accessible by mail in Quebec if 14 years and older but younger than 18 years. * Normal or corrected-to-normal vision based on the minimal 20/20 standard to complete the cognitive tasks * Able to speak, read, and write English or French * No diagnosis of neurological disease or unstable health condition Study Partner
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Total Step Count (Average Steps/Day) | 4-week | This metric quantifies the change in the average number of steps taken each day, from the baseline period to the 4-week period. It is a marker of change in habitual ambulatory activity. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Generativity - Achievement | 4 weeks | This questionnaire measures generativity, which refers to the concern or desire individuals have to contribute to the well-being and development of future generations. Generative evaluates the extent to which individuals are motivated by generative concerns, including the desire to impact others and future generations; the Achievement subscale specifically captures the orientation toward personal goal attainment, mastery, and the pursuit of success as expressions of generativity. Scores for the generative achievement subscale ranged between 6 and 36, with higher scores indicating greater generative achievement. |
| Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Backwards Digit Span | 4 weeks | The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Backwards Digit Span assesses working memory by requiring individuals to recall sequences of numbers in reverse order. In the backward version, the participant is shown a series of numbers in increasing length and asked to recall the numbers in reverse order. This is a test of short-term memory and working memory. This test was adapted from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales. Scores go from 1 to 10. Higher scores are better. |
| Loneliness | 4 weeks | University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. A higher average score indicates greater loneliness. Possible scores: min. 20, max. 80. |
| Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Positive Emotions | 4 weeks | The Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Positive Emotions subscale measures the intensity of positive emotional experiences such as joy, gratitude, love, and hope. Possible scores: min. 0, max. 80 A higher score indicates greater emotional intensity or frequency of the emotions assessed. |
| Generativity Desire | 4 weeks | The Generative Test measures generativity, which refers to the concern or desire individuals have to contribute to the well-being and development of future generations. The Desire subscale specifically assesses the emotional motivation and intrinsic longing to nurture, support, and positively impact others and future generations. Scores for the generative desire subscale ranged between 7 and 42, with higher scores indicating greater generative desire. |
| Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Choice Reaction Time | 4 weeks | The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Choice Reaction Time task measures processing speed and attention by assessing how quickly individuals respond to different stimuli. |
| The Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Negative Emotions | 4 weeks | The Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Negative Emotions subscale measures the intensity of negative emotional experiences such as sadness, anger, fear, and shame. Possible scores: min. 0, max. 80 A higher score indicates greater emotional intensity or frequency of the emotions assessed. |
| Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Forward Digit Span | 4 weeks | The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Forward Digit Span task measures short-term memory by requiring individuals to recall sequences of numbers in the order presented. In the forward version of TMB Digit Span, the participant is shown a series of numbers in increasing length and asked to recall the numbers in the order displayed. This is a test of short-term memory. This test was adapted from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales. Scores go from 1 to 11. Higher scores are better. |
| Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Gradual Onset Continuous Performance C | 4 weeks | The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Gradual Onset Continuous Performance Task measures sustained attention and inhibitory control by requiring individuals to detect target stimuli amid gradually changing non-targets. In this go/no-go test, the participant presses a button for each city image and withholds button presses for mountain images. This is a test of cognitive control, sustained attention, and response inhibition. Values can be from -1.5 to +1.5. Higher scores indicate better performance. The CPT.C score is a measure of response criterion, or how quickly and/or impulsively the participant tended to respond. Higher scores represent greater response impulsivity. |
| Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Gradual Onset Continuous Performance D | 4 weeks | The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Gradual Onset Continuous Performance Task (D) assesses sustained attention and response inhibition by requiring individuals to monitor and respond to target stimuli within a dynamic visual stream. In this go/no-go test, the participant presses a button for each city image and withholds button presses for mountain images. This is a test of cognitive control, sustained attention, and response inhibition. The CPT.D score is a measure of discrimination performance, related to how accurately the participant was able to respond to mountains and scenes. Higher scores represent better performance. Values can be from 1 to 4. Higher scores indicate better performance. |
| Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Matrix Reasoning | 4 weeks | The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Matrix Reasoning task measures abstract reasoning and fluid intelligence by requiring individuals to identify patterns and complete visual matrices. In Test my Brain Matrix Reasoning, the participant selects which smaller image completes the pattern in the larger image. This is a test of visual reasoning and general cognitive ability. This test was adapted from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales. Scores go from 2 to 32. Higher scores are better. |
| Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Serial Reaction Time | 4 weeks. | The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Serial Reaction Time task measures implicit learning and motor sequence acquisition by assessing response speed to repeating and random stimulus patterns. In the TMB Serial Reaction Time task, higher scores in seconds (i.e., longer reaction times) indicate: Reduced processing speed Lower motor or attentional efficiency Weaker implicit sequence learning |
| Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Visual Paired Associates | 4 weeks | The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Visual Paired Associates task measures associative memory by requiring individuals to learn and recall visual symbol pairs. In this test, the participant memorizes a set of picture pairs. Then, after completing TMB Digit Symbol Matching (90 sec), the participant selects which pictures were paired together. TMB Visual PA is a test of visual episodic memory. In TMB Digit SM, the participant matches as many number/symbol pairs as possible in 90 seconds. This is a test of processing speed. Scores go from 4 to 23. Higher scores are better. |
| Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Digit Symbol Matching | 4 weeks | The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Digit Symbol Matching task measures processing speed, attention, and visual-motor coordination by requiring rapid matching of symbols to corresponding numbers. |
Countries
Canada
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Intervention Social motivation intervention, self-transcendence daily messages, and daily accelerometry.
Motivational behavioural intervention and daily activities monitoring: Social motivation manipulation, self-transcendence daily messaging, and daily activities monitoring through accelerometry. Participants in this arm will have a study partner who receives daily feedback on the main participant's daily step count. | 26 |
| Active Control Daily accelerometry.
Active Control: Daily activities monitored through accelerometry. | 36 |
| Total | 62 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Excluded (not longer fulfilled enrollment criteria) | 1 | 0 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 9 | 4 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Active Control | Total | Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 32 Participants | 54 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 4 Participants | 8 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 70.97 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.36 | 70.48 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.95 | 69.81 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.32 |
| Alzheimer's Disease Risk Higher Risk | 17 Participants | 25 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Alzheimer's Disease Risk Lower Risk | 19 Participants | 37 Participants | 18 Participants |
| APOE4 genotype APOE4 carriers | 16 Participants | 24 Participants | 8 Participants |
| APOE4 genotype APOE4 non-carriers | 20 Participants | 38 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Body Mass Index | 26.48 kg/m² STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.56 | 26.86 kg/m² STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.74 | 27.39 kg/m² STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.03 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | 74.42 mmHg STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.58 | 74.53 mmHg STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.21 | 74.69 mmHg STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.14 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 36 Participants | 62 Participants | 26 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Language English | 5 Participants | 9 Participants | 4 Participants |
| Language French | 31 Participants | 53 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Mild Cognitive Impairment Cognitively Unimpaired | 30 Participants | 50 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Mild Cognitive Impairment Mild Cognitive Impairment | 6 Participants | 12 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 36 Participants | 61 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Canada | 36 participants | 62 participants | 26 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 29 Participants | 44 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 7 Participants | 18 Participants | 11 Participants |
| Steps per day | 3881.07 Steps/day STANDARD_DEVIATION 2978.81 | 4025.20 Steps/day STANDARD_DEVIATION 3051.94 | 4224.77 Steps/day STANDARD_DEVIATION 3149.72 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | 128.22 mmHg STANDARD_DEVIATION 14.79 | 127.21 mmHg STANDARD_DEVIATION 15.38 | 125.81 mmHg STANDARD_DEVIATION 16.36 |
| Test my Brain Backwards Digit Span | 4.94 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.76 | 5.08 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.81 | 5.28 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.88 |
| Test my Brain Digit Symbol Matching | 35.53 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.85 | 35.72 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.06 | 36 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.95 |
| Test my Brain Forward Digit Span | 6.0 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.99 | 6.35 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.86 | 6.84 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.57 |
| Test my Brain Gradual Onset Continuous Performance Test (C) | 0.33 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.43 | 0.35 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.43 | 0.38 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.43 |
| Test my Brain Matrix Reasoning | 21.14 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.8 | 21.25 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.17 | 21.4 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.8 |
| Test my Brain Visual Paired Associates Matching | 14.9 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3 | 14.73 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3 | 14.5 Score on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3 |
| TMB Choice Reaction Time | 1304.72 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 639.63 | 1265.42 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 532.66 | 1208.83 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 327.14 |
| TMB Gradual Onset Continuous Performance Test (D) | 2.58 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.96 | 2.64 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.88 | 2.71 scores on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.77 |
| TMB Serial Reaction Time | 388.13 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 103.15 | 378.54 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 92.6 | 364.73 seconds STANDARD_DEVIATION 74.73 |
| Years of Education | 15.97 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.55 | 16.02 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.33 | 16.08 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.07 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 36 | 0 / 40 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 36 | 0 / 40 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 36 | 0 / 40 |
Outcome results
Primary
Total Step Count (Average Steps/Day)
This metric quantifies the change in the average number of steps taken each day, from the baseline period to the 4-week period. It is a marker of change in habitual ambulatory activity.
Time frame: 4-week
Population: Participants included in the analysis were those who completed the study.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Total Step Count (Average Steps/Day) | 5648.91 Steps/day | Standard Deviation 4033.49 |
| Active Control | Total Step Count (Average Steps/Day) | 3809.62 Steps/day | Standard Deviation 2833.25 |
p-value: <0.001Wilcoxon (Mann-Whitney)
Secondary
Generativity - Achievement
This questionnaire measures generativity, which refers to the concern or desire individuals have to contribute to the well-being and development of future generations. Generative evaluates the extent to which individuals are motivated by generative concerns, including the desire to impact others and future generations; the Achievement subscale specifically captures the orientation toward personal goal attainment, mastery, and the pursuit of success as expressions of generativity. Scores for the generative achievement subscale ranged between 6 and 36, with higher scores indicating greater generative achievement.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: Participants included in the analysis were those who completed the Generativity questionnaire.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Generativity - Achievement | 25.09 score | Standard Deviation 5.18 |
| Active Control | Generativity - Achievement | 22.58 score | Standard Deviation 5.88 |
Secondary
Generativity Desire
The Generative Test measures generativity, which refers to the concern or desire individuals have to contribute to the well-being and development of future generations. The Desire subscale specifically assesses the emotional motivation and intrinsic longing to nurture, support, and positively impact others and future generations. Scores for the generative desire subscale ranged between 7 and 42, with higher scores indicating greater generative desire.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: Participants included in the analysis had completed the Generativity questionnaire.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Generativity Desire | 31.67 score | Standard Deviation 6.13 |
| Active Control | Generativity Desire | 29.72 score | Standard Deviation 7.05 |
Secondary
Loneliness
University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale. A higher average score indicates greater loneliness. Possible scores: min. 20, max. 80.
Time frame: 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Loneliness | 53.71 score | Standard Deviation 23.89 |
| Active Control | Loneliness | 44.87 score | Standard Deviation 19.25 |
Secondary
Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Positive Emotions
The Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Positive Emotions subscale measures the intensity of positive emotional experiences such as joy, gratitude, love, and hope. Possible scores: min. 0, max. 80 A higher score indicates greater emotional intensity or frequency of the emotions assessed.
Time frame: 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Positive Emotions | 3.38 score | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| Active Control | Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Positive Emotions | 3.40 score | Standard Deviation 0.75 |
Secondary
Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Backwards Digit Span
The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Backwards Digit Span assesses working memory by requiring individuals to recall sequences of numbers in reverse order. In the backward version, the participant is shown a series of numbers in increasing length and asked to recall the numbers in reverse order. This is a test of short-term memory and working memory. This test was adapted from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales. Scores go from 1 to 10. Higher scores are better.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: The population included in the analysis were those who completed the Test My Brain Backward Digit Span subtest.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Backwards Digit Span | 6.58 score | Standard Deviation 1.53 |
| Active Control | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Backwards Digit Span | 4.89 score | Standard Deviation 1.83 |
Comparison: We conducted one-way analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) to assess the effect of group (intervention vs. control) on post-intervention secondary outcomes, including cognition (Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit). Covariates in all models included age, sex, years of education, APOE4 status, and baseline scores.p-value: <0.01ANCOVA
Secondary
Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Choice Reaction Time
The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Choice Reaction Time task measures processing speed and attention by assessing how quickly individuals respond to different stimuli.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: The population included in the analysis was those who completed the Test My Brain Choice Reaction Time.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Choice Reaction Time | 1293.08 seconds | Standard Deviation 722.89 |
| Active Control | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Choice Reaction Time | 1136.67 seconds | Standard Deviation 389.61 |
Secondary
Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Digit Symbol Matching
The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Digit Symbol Matching task measures processing speed, attention, and visual-motor coordination by requiring rapid matching of symbols to corresponding numbers.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: Participants included in the analysis had completed the Test My Brain Digit Symbol Matching subtest.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Digit Symbol Matching | 38.81 score | Standard Deviation 7.14 |
| Active Control | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Digit Symbol Matching | 36.83 score | Standard Deviation 7.85 |
Secondary
Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Forward Digit Span
The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Forward Digit Span task measures short-term memory by requiring individuals to recall sequences of numbers in the order presented. In the forward version of TMB Digit Span, the participant is shown a series of numbers in increasing length and asked to recall the numbers in the order displayed. This is a test of short-term memory. This test was adapted from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales. Scores go from 1 to 11. Higher scores are better.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: The population included in the analysis was those who completed the Forward Digit Span.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Forward Digit Span | 6.91 score | Standard Deviation 1.57 |
| Active Control | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Forward Digit Span | 6.18 score | Standard Deviation 1.81 |
Secondary
Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Gradual Onset Continuous Performance C
The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Gradual Onset Continuous Performance Task measures sustained attention and inhibitory control by requiring individuals to detect target stimuli amid gradually changing non-targets. In this go/no-go test, the participant presses a button for each city image and withholds button presses for mountain images. This is a test of cognitive control, sustained attention, and response inhibition. Values can be from -1.5 to +1.5. Higher scores indicate better performance. The CPT.C score is a measure of response criterion, or how quickly and/or impulsively the participant tended to respond. Higher scores represent greater response impulsivity.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: The population included in the analysis was those who completed the Test My Brain Gradual Onset Continuous Performance C subtest.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Gradual Onset Continuous Performance C | 0.45 score | Standard Deviation 0.25 |
| Active Control | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Gradual Onset Continuous Performance C | 0.40 score | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
Secondary
Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Gradual Onset Continuous Performance D
The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Gradual Onset Continuous Performance Task (D) assesses sustained attention and response inhibition by requiring individuals to monitor and respond to target stimuli within a dynamic visual stream. In this go/no-go test, the participant presses a button for each city image and withholds button presses for mountain images. This is a test of cognitive control, sustained attention, and response inhibition. The CPT.D score is a measure of discrimination performance, related to how accurately the participant was able to respond to mountains and scenes. Higher scores represent better performance. Values can be from 1 to 4. Higher scores indicate better performance.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: The population included in the analysis was those who completed the Test My Brain Gradual Onset Continuous Performance D subtest.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Gradual Onset Continuous Performance D | 2.80 score | Standard Deviation 0.65 |
| Active Control | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Gradual Onset Continuous Performance D | 2.87 score | Standard Deviation 0.91 |
Secondary
Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Matrix Reasoning
The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Matrix Reasoning task measures abstract reasoning and fluid intelligence by requiring individuals to identify patterns and complete visual matrices. In Test my Brain Matrix Reasoning, the participant selects which smaller image completes the pattern in the larger image. This is a test of visual reasoning and general cognitive ability. This test was adapted from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales. Scores go from 2 to 32. Higher scores are better.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: The population included in the analysis was those who completed the Test My Brain Matrix Reasoning.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Matrix Reasoning | 22.18 score | Standard Deviation 6.52 |
| Active Control | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Matrix Reasoning | 22.58 score | Standard Deviation 6.04 |
Secondary
Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Serial Reaction Time
The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Serial Reaction Time task measures implicit learning and motor sequence acquisition by assessing response speed to repeating and random stimulus patterns. In the TMB Serial Reaction Time task, higher scores in seconds (i.e., longer reaction times) indicate: Reduced processing speed Lower motor or attentional efficiency Weaker implicit sequence learning
Time frame: 4 weeks.
Population: The population included in the analysis was those who completed the Test My Brain Serial Reaction Time.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Serial Reaction Time | 333.24 seconds | Standard Deviation 60.57 |
| Active Control | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Serial Reaction Time | 384.62 seconds | Standard Deviation 96.47 |
Secondary
Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Visual Paired Associates
The TestMyBrain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit Visual Paired Associates task measures associative memory by requiring individuals to learn and recall visual symbol pairs. In this test, the participant memorizes a set of picture pairs. Then, after completing TMB Digit Symbol Matching (90 sec), the participant selects which pictures were paired together. TMB Visual PA is a test of visual episodic memory. In TMB Digit SM, the participant matches as many number/symbol pairs as possible in 90 seconds. This is a test of processing speed. Scores go from 4 to 23. Higher scores are better.
Time frame: 4 weeks
Population: The population included in the analysis was those who completed the Test My Brain Visual Paired Associates.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Visual Paired Associates | 16.2 score | Standard Deviation 4.41 |
| Active Control | Test My Brain Digital Neuropsychology Toolkit - Visual Paired Associates | 16.3 score | Standard Deviation 3.93 |
Secondary
The Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Negative Emotions
The Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Negative Emotions subscale measures the intensity of negative emotional experiences such as sadness, anger, fear, and shame. Possible scores: min. 0, max. 80 A higher score indicates greater emotional intensity or frequency of the emotions assessed.
Time frame: 4 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention | The Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Negative Emotions | 1.18 score | Standard Deviation 0.27 |
| Active Control | The Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) Negative Emotions | 1.31 score | Standard Deviation 0.37 |