Anxiety State
Conditions
Keywords
Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation, Acute Stress
Brief summary
The goal of this study is to quantify the effects of 20 sessions of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) on measures of acute stress responses in Soldiers. The main question it aims to answer is how 20 sessions of CES will affect Soldiers' biochemical (salivary alpha amylase and cortisol), physiological (e.g., heart rate, heart rate variability, respiration rate), emotional (state anxiety), and behavioral (i.e., cognitive task performance) responses. * On Day 1, participants will complete a baseline measure assessing their biochemical, physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses to a stressful lethal force decision making task. * In the next four to six weeks, participants will complete 20 CES sessions. * Within five days of completing the 20 CES sessions, participants will complete a follow-up measure assessing their biochemical, physiological, emotional, and behavioral responses to the same stressful lethal force decision making task they completed on Day 1. Researchers will compare the Active CES group to the Sham CES group to see how 20 sessions of Active CES will affect the participants responses to their biochemical, physiological, emotional and behavioral responses relative to the Sham CES group.
Interventions
DEVICEActive CES
Active CES group will receive a minimum of 250µA and up to 500µA depending on thresholding, once daily for 20 days (over the course of 4\ 6 weeks), 20 minutes per day.
DEVICESham CES
Sham CES group will be identical to Active CES group with the exception of the device not administering any electrical current
Sponsors
United States Department of Defense
Tufts University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator)
Masking description
Coded devices with master key kept outside of research team.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 40 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* 18-40 years of age (17-40 if emancipated minor) * Can sit and stand freely. * Have not used or experienced CES administration in the past. * Agree to have their data stored in a repository (database) for future use.
Exclusion criteria
* Use of prescription medications, other than oral contraceptives * Women only: 1. Pregnant or plan to become pregnant during the study 2. Nursing * History of: 1. A neurological or psychological disorder (such as depression, anxiety disorders, migraines, cluster headaches, seizures, Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or panic attacks). 2. Cardiac disease (including arrhythmia or fast or skipped heart beats). 3. Implanted medical devices, such as pacemakers. 4. Hypertension. 5. Insomnia 6. Head injury (including neurosurgery, concussion, TBI, skull fracture, hematoma) 7. Illness that caused brain injury 8. Any other brain-related condition (such as traumatic brain injury) 9. Metal in the head (outside of mouth, such as shrapnel, surgical clips, or fragments from welding or metalwork) 10. Implanted medical device (e.g., pacemaker, insulin pump)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change From Baseline in Heart Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES to be completed within 4-6weeks | heart rate will be measured in beats per minute. |
| Change From Baseline in Respiration Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES to be completed within 4-6weeks | respiration rate will be measured in breaths per minute. |
| Change From Baseline in Heart Rate Variability During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES to be completed within 4-6weeks | Heart rate variability will be measured in RMSSD. |
| Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks | Cortisol (µg/dL) will be measured through saliva samples. Saliva samples will be taken at five time points, approximately 20 minute increments during the baseline and follow-up sessions. |
| Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks | Alpha amylase (IU) will be measured through saliva samples. Saliva samples will be taken at five time points, approximately 20 minute increments during the baseline and follow-up sessions. |
| Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | At baseline, at each of the 20 CES sessions completed within 4-6weeks, and at follow-up to be completed within 5 days of last CES | STAI assesses both state and trait anxiety separately with each scale ranging from 20 to 80, with higher scores correlating with greater anxiety. STAI-S is the State Trait Anxiety Inventory - State version, and STAI-T is the State Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait version. |
| Change From Baseline in Recognition Memory | Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks | Recognition memory of previously learned targets while ignoring visually similar distractor objects will be measured and evaluated with percent accuracy. |
| Change From Baseline in Spatial Orientation | Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks | Spatial orientation task will involve pointing towards a series of distant (out of visible range) landmarks in the virtual environment and estimating distance to those landmarks. Spatial orientation will be calculated using mean absolute angular error. Larger numbers correlate with higher error. |
| Change From Baseline in Decision Making Accuracy | Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks | Participants will make lethal force decision making by shooting at threatening targets and allowing non-threatening targets to pass. Decision making accuracy will be calculated using d prime. Higher d prime correlates with better accuracy. |
| Change From Baseline in Decision Making Reaction Time | Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks | Participants will make lethal force decision making by shooting at threatening targets and allowing non-threatening targets to pass. Decision making reaction time to shoot at threatening targets will be measured in milliseconds. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
76 participants consented to participate in the study. However, 18 participants (soldiers) were unable to start the study due to scheduling conflicts. Therefore, only 58 are included in the Participant Flow.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Active CES Active Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES)
Active CES: Active CES group will receive a minimum of 250µA and up to 500µA depending on thresholding, once daily for 20 days (over the course of 4\
6 weeks), 20 minutes per day. | 21 |
| Sham CES Sham Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES)
Sham CES: Sham CES group will be identical to Active CES group with the exception of the device not administering any electrical current | 25 |
| Total | 46 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Did not meet minimum stimulation threshold | 2 | 1 |
| Overall Study | Withdrawal by Subject | 5 | 4 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Sham CES | Total | Active CES |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 23.36 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.82 | 22.26 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.83 | 20.95 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.94 |
| Education | 14.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.04 | 14.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.44 | 13.95 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.43 |
| Military | 15 Participants | 28 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 2 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 19 Participants | 36 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 25 Participants | 46 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 11 Participants | 17 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 14 Participants | 29 Participants | 15 Participants |
| STAI-T | 29.52 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.28 | 31.43 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.17 | 33.71 units on a scale STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.75 |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 28 | 0 / 30 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 2 / 28 | 2 / 30 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 28 | 0 / 30 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change From Baseline in Decision Making Accuracy
Participants will make lethal force decision making by shooting at threatening targets and allowing non-threatening targets to pass. Decision making accuracy will be calculated using d prime. Higher d prime correlates with better accuracy.
Time frame: Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Decision Making Accuracy | Baseline | 3.64 d prime | Standard Deviation 0.681 |
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Decision Making Accuracy | Follow-up | 4.48 d prime | Standard Deviation 0.943 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Decision Making Accuracy | Baseline | 3.89 d prime | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Decision Making Accuracy | Follow-up | 4.75 d prime | Standard Deviation 1.29 |
p-value: 0.36ANOVA
p-value: 0ANOVA
p-value: 0.96ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Decision Making Reaction Time
Participants will make lethal force decision making by shooting at threatening targets and allowing non-threatening targets to pass. Decision making reaction time to shoot at threatening targets will be measured in milliseconds.
Time frame: Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks
Population: Collected data were invalid and could not be analyzed due to a coding error. The coding error incorrectly summed and aggregated the distances of all avatars on the screen, rather than isolating the distance of the specific avatar that was shot. As a result, we were unable to reverse engineer the output to derive a value that accurately reflected Reaction Times.
Primary
Change From Baseline in Heart Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task
heart rate will be measured in beats per minute.
Time frame: Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES to be completed within 4-6weeks
Population: Due to technical issues, we were unable to collect data from 9 participants.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Heart Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline | 98.5 bpm | Standard Deviation 16.1 |
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Heart Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up | 100.0 bpm | Standard Deviation 13.5 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Heart Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline | 111 bpm | Standard Deviation 19.5 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Heart Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up | 114 bpm | Standard Deviation 20.1 |
p-value: 0.012ANOVA
p-value: 0.33ANOVA
p-value: 0.85ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Heart Rate Variability During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task
Heart rate variability will be measured in RMSSD.
Time frame: Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES to be completed within 4-6weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Heart Rate Variability During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline | 13.0 bpm | Standard Deviation 5.17 |
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Heart Rate Variability During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up | 12.0 bpm | Standard Deviation 4.76 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Heart Rate Variability During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline | 11.2 bpm | Standard Deviation 4.53 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Heart Rate Variability During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up | 10.5 bpm | Standard Deviation 4.74 |
p-value: 0.26ANOVA
p-value: 0.17ANOVA
p-value: 0.73ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Recognition Memory
Recognition memory of previously learned targets while ignoring visually similar distractor objects will be measured and evaluated with percent accuracy.
Time frame: Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Recognition Memory | Follow-up | 78.2 percent accuracy | Standard Deviation 15.9 |
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Recognition Memory | Baseline | 77.1 percent accuracy | Standard Deviation 11 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Recognition Memory | Baseline | 80 percent accuracy | Standard Deviation 12.2 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Recognition Memory | Follow-up | 76.7 percent accuracy | Standard Deviation 14.3 |
p-value: 0.85ANOVA
p-value: 0.69ANOVA
p-value: 0.4ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Respiration Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task
respiration rate will be measured in breaths per minute.
Time frame: Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES to be completed within 4-6weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Respiration Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline | 16.2 breath per minute | Standard Deviation 3.52 |
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Respiration Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up | 17.3 breath per minute | Standard Deviation 3.05 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Respiration Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline | 17.7 breath per minute | Standard Deviation 3.53 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Respiration Rate During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up | 16.8 breath per minute | Standard Deviation 3.22 |
p-value: 0.6ANOVA
p-value: 0.9ANOVA
p-value: 0.05ANOVA
Primary
Change From Baseline in Spatial Orientation
Spatial orientation task will involve pointing towards a series of distant (out of visible range) landmarks in the virtual environment and estimating distance to those landmarks. Spatial orientation will be calculated using mean absolute angular error. Larger numbers correlate with higher error.
Time frame: Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Spatial Orientation | Baseline | 20.7 absolute angle error in degrees | Standard Deviation 8.12 |
| Active CES | Change From Baseline in Spatial Orientation | Follow-up | 21.2 absolute angle error in degrees | Standard Deviation 12.7 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Spatial Orientation | Baseline | 18.8 absolute angle error in degrees | Standard Deviation 10.4 |
| Sham CES | Change From Baseline in Spatial Orientation | Follow-up | 16.3 absolute angle error in degrees | Standard Deviation 10.1 |
p-value: 0.13ANOVA
p-value: 0.26ANOVA
p-value: 0.44ANOVA
Primary
Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task
Alpha amylase (IU) will be measured through saliva samples. Saliva samples will be taken at five time points, approximately 20 minute increments during the baseline and follow-up sessions.
Time frame: Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 20min post | 88.6 IU | Standard Deviation 50.6 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up Pre | 68.4 IU | Standard Deviation 51 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 0min post | 144 IU | Standard Deviation 91.3 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 0min post | 99.8 IU | Standard Deviation 39.3 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 40min post | 110 IU | Standard Deviation 87.6 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline Pre | 118 IU | Standard Deviation 90.6 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 40min post | 91.2 IU | Standard Deviation 49.5 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 60min post | 105 IU | Standard Deviation 66.2 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 60min post | 128 IU | Standard Deviation 84.9 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 20min post | 110 IU | Standard Deviation 71.8 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 60min post | 97.5 IU | Standard Deviation 91.7 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline Pre | 79.1 IU | Standard Deviation 69.2 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 0min post | 131 IU | Standard Deviation 121 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 20min post | 84 IU | Standard Deviation 61 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 40min post | 78.1 IU | Standard Deviation 58.2 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 60min post | 79.8 IU | Standard Deviation 61.2 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up Pre | 61.7 IU | Standard Deviation 48.6 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 0min post | 129 IU | Standard Deviation 101 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 20min post | 90.8 IU | Standard Deviation 72.6 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Alpha Amylase During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 40min post | 92.6 IU | Standard Deviation 78.6 |
p-value: 0.1ANOVA
p-value: 0ANOVA
p-value: 0.81ANOVA
p-value: 0.4ANOVA
p-value: 0.35ANOVA
p-value: 0ANOVA
p-value: 0.4ANOVA
Primary
Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task
Cortisol (µg/dL) will be measured through saliva samples. Saliva samples will be taken at five time points, approximately 20 minute increments during the baseline and follow-up sessions.
Time frame: Baseline and follow-up session after 20 CES completed within 4-6weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 60min post | .29 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.156 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 0min post | .54 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.36 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 0min post | .644 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.433 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 40min post | .371 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.194 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 20min post | .444 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.206 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up Pre | .335 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.149 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 40min post | .407 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.268 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 20min post | .57 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.396 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 60min post | .335 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.198 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline Pre | .293 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.137 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 60min post | .379 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.171 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 20min post | .655 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.476 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 40min post | .456 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.252 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 60min post | .369 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.197 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up Pre | .345 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.123 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline Pre | .415 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.183 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 0min post | .556 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.296 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 20min post | .534 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.292 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Follow-up 40min post | .417 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.163 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in Cortisol During Stressful Lethal Force Decision Making Task | Baseline 0min post | .399 µg/dL | Standard Deviation 0.105 |
p-value: 0.18ANOVA
p-value: 0ANOVA
p-value: 0.53ANOVA
p-value: 0.07ANOVA
p-value: 0.46ANOVA
p-value: 0.01ANOVA
p-value: 0.29ANOVA
Primary
Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up
STAI assesses both state and trait anxiety separately with each scale ranging from 20 to 80, with higher scores correlating with greater anxiety. STAI-S is the State Trait Anxiety Inventory - State version, and STAI-T is the State Trait Anxiety Inventory - Trait version.
Time frame: At baseline, at each of the 20 CES sessions completed within 4-6weeks, and at follow-up to be completed within 5 days of last CES
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session 60min Post Stress task | 30.9 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.56 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAT-T at follow-up Post CES intervention | 33.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.72 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session Pre Stress task | 33.8 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session 20min Post Stress task | 35.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.5 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session 0min Post Stress task | 34.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session Pre-Stress task | 33.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.94 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session 20min Post Stress task | 30.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.6 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAT-T at baseline Pre CES intervention | 33.71 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.75 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session 60min Post Stress task | 29.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.75 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session 40min Post Stress task | 29.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.95 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session 40min Post Stress task | 32.4 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.79 |
| Active CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session 0min Post Stress task | 39.5 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.7 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session 60min Post Stress task | 26.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.13 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session 0min Post Stress task | 41.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 12.2 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAT-T at baseline Pre CES intervention | 29.52 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.28 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAT-T at follow-up Post CES intervention | 32.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.16 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session 20min Post Stress task | 34.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.53 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session 40min Post Stress task | 30.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.54 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session 60min Post Stress task | 29.1 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.66 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session Pre Stress task | 27.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.55 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session 0min Post Stress task | 33.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 10.8 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session 20min Post Stress task | 29.3 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.55 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Follow-up Session 40min Post Stress task | 26.6 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.94 |
| Sham CES | Change Over Time in State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) Scores at Each Session From Baseline to Follow-up | STAI-S Baseline Session Pre-Stress task | 31.0 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.62 |
p-value: 0ANOVA
p-value: 0ANOVA
p-value: 0.2ANOVA
p-value: 0.39ANOVA
p-value: 0.23ANOVA
p-value: 0.45ANOVA
p-value: 0.38ANOVA
p-value: 0.4ANOVA
p-value: 0ANOVA
p-value: 0.38ANOVA