Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Suicidal Ideation
Conditions
Keywords
transcranial magnetic stimulation, EEG-synchronized rTMS, closed-loop neurostimulation, depression, suicide prevention, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), neuroplasticity
Brief summary
In this research study, investigators examine how brain activity changes during tests of emotional processing, attention, and memory using multimodal neuroimaging methods including electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is used to probe and modulate brain networks related to cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation. The study includes multiple related sub-studies involving healthy participants and participants with depression. Some study components focus on mechanistic modeling using non-therapeutic neurostimulation in healthy participants, while other components include interventional approaches such as individualized EEG-synchronized repetitive TMS (rTMS), cognitive tasks, and brief cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in participants with depression. Certain study components also evaluate CBT alone without TMS to assess behavioral intervention effects.
Detailed description
Investigators aim to characterize and modulate brain networks underlying cognitive flexibility (CF) and emotion regulation (ER) using a multimodal, precision neuroscience approach. The central hypothesis is that functional coupling within CF and ER networks is indexed by the phase of the brain's alpha oscillations, and that targeted modulation of these networks through individualized neurostimulation can induce neuroplastic changes associated with improved clinical outcomes in depression and suicidality. To test this hypothesis, investigators utilize a novel integrated system that enables simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to identify individualized stimulation parameters associated with optimal network coupling. A complementary system using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), EEG, and TMS is also used to extend these findings in a more scalable and accessible format. This protocol includes multiple related sub-studies (Studies 1-4) conducted under a single IRB approval. These sub-studies are parallel investigations with differing populations and interventions and are not randomized arms of a single trial. Study 1 is a proof-of-principle mechanistic study conducted in healthy adult participants. In this study, single-pulse TMS is delivered during EEG and neuroimaging sessions as a non-therapeutic probe to assess cortical excitability and functional connectivity during cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation tasks. Study 2 is a proof-of-principle interventional study in participants with depression. It incorporates individualized, EEG-synchronized repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) designed to entrain neural oscillatory dynamics within CF and ER networks. Participants may receive rTMS alone or in combination with cognitive tasks and brief cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), with the goal of enhancing neuroplasticity and improving clinical symptoms. Study 3 builds upon Study 2 and includes similar EEG-synchronized rTMS and CBT-based interventions in participants with depression, with ongoing refinements to stimulation parameters, task paradigms, and treatment delivery. This study further evaluates the reproducibility and effectiveness of individualized neurostimulation approaches. Study 4 includes participants with depression who receive a course of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) along with MRI and behavioral assessments, without the use of TMS or EEG-based neurostimulation. This study allows for evaluation of behavioral intervention effects independent of neurostimulation. Across interventional studies, rTMS may be delivered alone or in combination with cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation tasks or paired with CBT to promote synergistic effects on network engagement and neuroplasticity. These approaches are designed to test whether targeted modulation of CF and ER networks produces measurable changes in behavior, brain function, and clinical outcomes. Participants in interventional studies may also complete ecological momentary assessment (EMA) surveys via mobile devices to monitor mood, stress, and safety in real time. These data may be used to capture dynamic changes in symptoms and may trigger predefined safety protocols and clinical follow-up when indicated. Outcome measures across studies include changes in clinical symptoms (e.g., depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation), behavioral performance on cognitive tasks, and neuroimaging-based measures of network connectivity and synchronization.
Interventions
Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered during EEG or neuroimaging sessions for non-therapeutic mapping of cortical excitability and functional connectivity.
DEVICEEEG-Synchronized Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered using individualized, EEG-derived stimulation parameters designed to synchronize stimulation timing with participants' alpha oscillatory phase. This closed-loop approach is intended to modulate neural networks underlying cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation. Stimulation may be delivered in accelerated sessions across multiple days.
BEHAVIORALCognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
A structured, brief cognitive behavioral therapy program targeting depression and related symptoms, including cognitive restructuring, emotion regulation, and coping skill development, delivered in an accelerated format during the study period.
BEHAVIORALCognitive Flexibility and Emotion Regulation Tasks
Behavioral tasks designed to engage and assess cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation processes, performed during or adjacent to neurostimulation sessions or as part of study assessments.
Sponsors
Medical University of South Carolina
Columbia University
University of Oklahoma
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
University of Wisconsin, Madison
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Groups described in this record correspond to cohorts within multiple related sub-studies and are not randomized arms of a single trial.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Study 1 (Healthy Participants) Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18-65 years * Medically and psychiatrically healthy with no history of psychiatric or neurological disorders * English-speaking * Capacity to provide informed consent * Willingness and ability to complete study procedures * Negative pregnancy test for participants of childbearing potential
Exclusion criteria
* Any current or past psychiatric diagnosis * Neurological disorders or history of central nervous system disease * History of seizure or epilepsy or use of medications that lower seizure threshold * Significant head injury or loss of consciousness * Implanted metal or contraindications to MRI or TMS * Substance use disorder (excluding nicotine or caffeine) * Pregnancy or plans to become pregnant during study participation * Inability to complete study procedures Studies 2, 3, and 4 (Participants With Depression) Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18-65 years * Current diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) * Depression severity consistent with study criteria (e.g., HAM-D ≥17) * No history of psychotic or bipolar disorders * English-speaking * Capacity to provide informed consent * Willingness and ability to complete study procedures * Negative pregnancy test for participants of childbearing potential
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) Score | Baseline to Day 7 | hange in clinician-rated depression severity measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Scores range from 0 to 52; higher scores indicate more severe depression. |
| Change in Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Score | Baseline to Day 7 | Change in self-reported depression severity measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Scores range from 0 to 27; higher scores indicate more severe depression. |
| Change in Suicide Cognitions (Brief Suicide Cognitions Scale [B-SCS]) | Baseline to Day 7 | Change in suicide-related cognitions measured using the Brief Suicide Cognitions Scale (B-SCS). Higher scores indicate greater severity of maladaptive suicide-related cognitions. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Reaction Time During Cognitive Flexibility Tasks | Baseline to Day 7 | Change in reaction time (milliseconds) during cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation tasks under congruent and incongruent conditions. |
| Change in Accuracy on Cognitive Flexibility Tasks | Baseline to Day 7 | Change in task accuracy (percentage correct responses) during cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation tasks. |
| Change in Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Score | Baseline to Day 7 | Change in anxiety severity measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7). Scores range from 0 to 21; higher scores indicate more severe anxiety. |
| Change in EEG Alpha Phase Synchronization | Baseline to Day 7 | Change in EEG alpha phase synchronization measured as phase-locking value (PLV) during cognitive task performance and neurostimulation sessions. |
| Change in Functional Connectivity Strength (fMRI) | Baseline to Day 7 | Change in functional connectivity within cognitive flexibility and emotion regulation networks measured using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), quantified as correlation coefficients between predefined brain regions. |
| Proportion of Participants With ≥50% Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) Score | Day 28 | Clinical response defined as a ≥50% change from baseline in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score. |
| Proportion of Participants With ≥50% Change in Brief Suicide Cognitions Scale (B-SCS) Score | Day 28. | Clinical response defined as a ≥50% change from baseline in Brief Suicide Cognitions Scale (B-SCS) score. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
CONTACTLisa McTeague, PhD
CONTACTJayce Doose
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORLisa McTeague, PhD
Medical University of South Carolina
Outcome results
None listed