Smoking, Cigarette
Conditions
Brief summary
The overall aim of this research is to experimentally evaluate the extent to which partially standardizing the color of tobacco packaging influences tobacco use intentions among young adults who have varying levels of tobacco use experience.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALPackage standardization
Conditions vary in terms of amount of cigarette packages that are subject to standardization
Sponsors
RAND
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to 34 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Ages 21-34 * Past month cigarette smoker
Exclusion criteria
* None.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Quit Smoking Motivation | Immediately after shopping in the RAND StoreLab | Motivation to quit smoking as assessed by the Motivation to Stop Scale (MTSS; Kotz et al., 2013; Drug and Alcohol Dependence) participants endorsing one of 7 items: 1. = I don't want to stop smoking. 2. = I think I should stop smoking but don't really want to. 3. = I want to stop smoking but haven't thought about when. 4. = I REALLY want to stop smoking but I don't know when I will. 5. = I want to stop smoking and hope to soon. 6. = I REALLY want to stop smoking and intend to in the next 3 months. 7. = I REALLY want to stop smoking and intend to in the next month. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Status Quo Packages Cigarette packages appear as they normally do - no standardization | 143 |
| Partial Standardization Cigarette packages appear with half of the package using a standardized color | 143 |
| Full Standardization Cigarette packages appear with all of the packages fully standardized (by color and font) | 147 |
| Total | 433 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Status Quo Packages | Partial Standardization | Full Standardization | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Customized Age group 21-25 | 85 Participants | 79 Participants | 79 Participants | 243 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age group 26-34 | 57 Participants | 63 Participants | 68 Participants | 188 Participants |
| Age, Customized Age group missing | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 9 Participants | 6 Participants | 9 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 134 Participants | 136 Participants | 138 Participants | 408 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 52 Participants | 48 Participants | 46 Participants | 146 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 15 Participants | 19 Participants | 25 Participants | 59 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 13 Participants | 9 Participants | 11 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 9 Participants | 5 Participants | 10 Participants | 24 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 54 Participants | 62 Participants | 55 Participants | 171 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female | 68 Participants | 62 Participants | 68 Participants | 198 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male | 59 Participants | 67 Participants | 62 Participants | 188 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized other endorsed | 16 Participants | 14 Participants | 17 Participants | 47 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 143 | 0 / 143 | 0 / 147 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 143 | 0 / 143 | 0 / 147 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 143 | 0 / 143 | 0 / 147 |
Outcome results
Primary
Quit Smoking Motivation
Motivation to quit smoking as assessed by the Motivation to Stop Scale (MTSS; Kotz et al., 2013; Drug and Alcohol Dependence) participants endorsing one of 7 items: 1. = I don't want to stop smoking. 2. = I think I should stop smoking but don't really want to. 3. = I want to stop smoking but haven't thought about when. 4. = I REALLY want to stop smoking but I don't know when I will. 5. = I want to stop smoking and hope to soon. 6. = I REALLY want to stop smoking and intend to in the next 3 months. 7. = I REALLY want to stop smoking and intend to in the next month.
Time frame: Immediately after shopping in the RAND StoreLab
Population: Two participants are missing data on the outcome - they declined to respond to the item.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Status Quo Packages | Quit Smoking Motivation | 3.7 score on a scale |
| Partial Standardization | Quit Smoking Motivation | 3.9 score on a scale |
| Full Standardization | Quit Smoking Motivation | 3.7 score on a scale |
95% CI: [-0.25, 0.63]
95% CI: [-0.41, 0.46]