Iodine Toxicity
Conditions
Keywords
macroalgae, iodine, consumption
Brief summary
In this study, the aim is to investigate the food safety of macroalgae. There will be an analysis of macroalgae products for the concentration of cadmium, inorganic arsenic, and iodine in macroalgae, as well as measure the status of these elements in consumers. An investigation of the thyroid function of macroalgae consumers and the use of metabolomics to explore which biological changes occur when consuming seaweed and kelp and when the consumer excludes macroalgae from their diet will be performed.
Detailed description
A group of consumers of macroalgae will be recruited to investigate their macroalgae intake and iodine, cadmium, and inorganic arsenic status and thyroid function. Iodine, cadmium, and inorganic arsenic have been selected since these elements have been described as relatively high in a previously published report from Norway. The goal is to recruit consumers of brown algae - especially kelp, and certain types of red algae, as these were the species with the highest content of iodine, cadmium, and arsenic, described in a previous publication. The participants will be asked to abstain from macroalgae for 6 weeks and again examine iodine status, cadmium and arsenic exposure, and thyroid function after the cessation period. A withdrawal period of 6 weeks has been chosen on the basis that it is calculated 6-8 weeks after Levaxin treatment for hypothyroidism before a new equilibrium can be expected and the effect of treatment on TSH can be assessed. This study will provide new insight into the status of iodine, cadmium, and inorganic arsenic that macroalgae consumers have in urine and thyroid function after regular macroalgae consumption and after cessation of macroalgae intake. In addition, the study will provide descriptive data on macroalgae consumption, how it is eaten, how often, and how much. This can provide critical knowledge to the national and European authorities for food safety and public health advisers to evaluate the food safety of macroalgae.
Interventions
OTHERHabitual macroalgae consumption
The participant have a habitual macroalgae consumption at baseline.
OTHERNo macroalgae consumption
The participants exclude any macroalgae products from their diet
Sponsors
Institute of Marine Research
University of Bergen
Study design
Allocation
NON_RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 80 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* adults * weekly consumer of macroalgae
Exclusion criteria
* pregnant * known disease
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Consumption of macroalgae products | Through study completion, on average 6 weeks | Assess the dietary consumption of macroalgae in consumers in the Bergen and Oslo area by 24hr recall and food frequency questionnaire |
| Levels of iodine, cadmium and inorganic arsenic in macroalgae products | Through study completion, on average 6 weeks | Analyse the levels of iodine, cadmium and inorganic arsenic in macroalgae products used by the participants |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Levels of inorganic arsenic in urine | 6 weeks | Analyse the levels of inorganic arsenic in urine after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
| Levels of creatinine in urine | 6 weeks | Analyse the of creatinine in urine after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
| Thyroid function measure by thyroid-stimulating hormon | 6 weeks | Measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormon (TSH) in serum after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
| Thyroid function measure by ree-triiodinetyronin | 6 weeks | Measurement of free-triiodinetyronin (fT3) in serum after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
| Levels of iodine | 6 weeks | Analyse the levels of iodine in urine after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
| Thyroid function measure by Thyroid peroxidase antibody | 6 weeks | Measurement of Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) in serum after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
| Thyroid function measured by thyroglobulin | 6 weeks | Measurement of thyroglobulin (Tg) in serum after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
| Thyroid function | 6 weeks | Measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormon (TSH), free-triiodinetyronin (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin (Tg) in serum after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
| Metabolic changes | 6 weeks | Measurement of metabolic changes by non-targeted metabolomics after intervention/usual macroalage consumption |
| Thyroid function measure by free thyroxine | 6 weeks | Measurement of free thyroxine (fT4) in serum after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
| Levels of cadmium in urine | 6 weeks | Analyse the levels of cadmium urine after intervention/usual macroalgae consumption |
Countries
Norway
Outcome results
None listed