Subjective Appetite
Conditions
Keywords
subjective appetite, feeding behavior, glycemic responses, enriched juice, probiotics, vitamin D3, n-3 fatty acids
Brief summary
This study investigated the short-term effects of fruit juice enriched with vitamin D3, n-3 fatty acids, and probiotics on subjective appetite, energy intake, and glycemic responses, in both normal-weight and overweight, healthy adults.
Detailed description
This study aimed to 1. Assess the subjective appetite of participants after the consumption of fruit juice (100% orange) enriched with vitamin D3, n-3 fatty acids, and probiotics compared to regular fruit juice (without any fortification), and 2. Examine the short-term effects of enriched fruit juice compared to regular fruit juice on glycemic responses and blood pressure, in both normal-weight and overweight healthy adults
Interventions
BEHAVIORALOrange juice with vitamin D3, n-3 fatty acids, and probiotics as preload
Twenty-three healthy adults with normal weight and twenty-three healthy adults with overweight consumed a standardized breakfast consisting of 2 slices of white bread and honey (350 kcal in total) after a 12-hour fast. Two hours later they were offered 347 mL of the enriched orange juice (containing 50 g available carbohydrates), and 3 hours after the preload they were offered an ad libitum lunch (chicken breast with white rice). Foods were weighed at the time of serving and any leftovers were weighed again after lunch to determine the amount of food consumed. Fingertip capillary blood glucose samples and visual analog scales (VAS) of 100 mm were collected at baseline and at 60, 120, 135, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360, 390, and 420 minutes after breakfast consumption. Blood pressure was measured at baseline, 120, 300, and 420 minutes.
Sponsors
Agricultural University of Athens
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Triple-blind (participant, investigator, outcomes assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 55 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Healthy Non-diabetic men and women Body mass index between 18.5 and 29.9 kg/m2
Exclusion criteria
* Severe chronic disease (i.e., cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, kidney or liver conditions, endocrine conditions) * Gastrointestinal disorders * Pregnancy * Lactation * Competitive sports * Alcohol abuse * Drug dependency
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Subjective appetite rating | 7 hours | Useful change in subjective appetite using visual analogue scales (VAS). Participants rated their hunger, desire to eat, perceived fullness, thirst, preoccupation with food, pleasure of eating the consumed test food, and thirst, after eating on a horizontal line VAS, with a line length of 100 mm and width of 3 desktop publishing points, that was black, had flat line endpoints, had an ascending numerical order of scale endpoints \[i.e., 0 and 10, for example neither hungry (0 mm), full (100 mm) or have desire for food in the middle (50 mm)\], and used 0 and 100 as numerical anchors below the left and right endpoints, respectively. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Energy intake after preload and the next 24 hours | 24 hours | Clinically significant difference in energy intake (ad libitum lunch) two hours after the two different preloads consumption, as well as the next 24 hours after the intervention (actual weighing of foods consumed and leftovers, and 24-hour recall). |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Capillary blood glucose responses | 7 hours | Clinically significant change in capillary blood glucose levels between the two interventions. |
| Blood pressure | 7 hours | Clinically significant change in systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two interventions. |
Countries
Greece
Outcome results
None listed