Kinesiophobia, ACL Injury
Conditions
Brief summary
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a serious trauma with long-term consequences to the athlete. Psychological and physiological factors may negatively affect patient recovery and increase reinjury rate after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and development of kinesiophobia is also possible.
Detailed description
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a serious trauma with long-term consequences to the athlete. Return to sports at the pre-injury level after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is reported between 55 and 83%. Psychological and physiological factors can negatively affect patient recovery and increase reinjury rate after ACLR. In daily practice, surgeons and physiotherapists see athletes struggling to improve muscle strength and complaining of a lack of self-confidence and fear of reinjury during their progress to return to sports. Kinesiophobia in ACLR patients is used to determine fear of pain, lack of self-confidence, and fear of reinjury. Patients with self-reported fear are less active, have decreased muscle function, and increased risk of a second ACL injury. Lower rates of return to sports are reported in athletes with kinesiophobia after ACLR. To measure kinesiophobia, the self-reported Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-17) test is widely used. The original TSK was developed and described by Miller et al. in 1991. In ACLR patients, the risk of developing fear was previously measured in a large systematic review of 2175 patients, in which 514 (24%) reported a psychological reason for not returning to sports.
Interventions
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTTampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-17)
The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-17) was developed as a self-reported checklist to measure fear of pain during movement and fear of reinjury. The TSK-17 consists of 17 questions. Standardized answer options are given as a 4-point Likert scale, and each question is assigned a score from 1 to 4. A normalized score between 17 and 68 points is calculated. A score of 37 or over indicates kinesiophobia.
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTKnee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)
The KOOS consists of five subscales - Symptoms (S), Pain (P), Functional activities of daily living (ADL), Sport and Recreation Function (Sport/Rec) and Knee-Related Quality of life (QOL) - and total KOOS Outcome (O) scores. Standardized answer options are provided (5 Likert boxes), and each question is assigned a score from 0 to 4. A normalized score (100 indicating no symptoms and 0 indicating extreme symptoms) is calculated for each subscale.
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTOxford Knee Score (OKS) scoring
OKS consists of 12 questions. Standardized answer options are provided (5 Likert boxes), and each question is assigned a score from 0 to 4. A score of 40-48 indicates no symptoms or satisfactory joint function, 30-39 moderate knee arthritis, 20-29 moderate to severe knee arthritis, and 0-19 severe knee arthritis.
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTQuadriceps and hamstring muscle isokinetic strength
Quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength at 60˚/s and 180˚/s were measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. For 180˚/s, five trial and fifteen testing repetitions were used, and for 60˚/s, three trial and three testing repetitions were used. The resting time between trial and testing was two minutes, between different speeds one minute, and between legs two minutes. The maximum peak torques were used in the statistical analysis.
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTSingle-leg hop test
The single-leg hop test (SLHT) for distance was used for lower limb functional testing. The test started with the participant standing on one leg, toes behind a marked line, and hands on hips throughout to avoid aiding the jump by swinging the arms. The participant was instructed to jump as far as possible and land on the same leg without losing balance. If the patient made contact with the ground with the contralateral limb, lost balance, or made additional hops after landing, the distance was not measured and the jump void. The distance was measured from the starting line to the heel of the leg being tested. For both legs, three trials and three jumps for maximal effort were allowed. The longest distance for both the left leg and the right leg were used in the statistical analysis.
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTY-balance test
The Y-balance test (YBT) (Move2Perform, United States) for anterior reach was used to measure dynamic balance. Participants performed three trials to familiarize themselves with the test, and then undertook three tests. The test started with the participant standing barefoot on the testing kit. The patients had to push a wooden box with the contralateral leg as far as possible with continuous movement and return to their starting position without losing balance. The longest distance achieved was used in the statistical analysis.
DIAGNOSTIC_TESTAnthropometric measurements
Body mass (kg) and height (cm) were measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated as kg/m2.
Sponsors
Tartu University Hospital
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SINGLE_GROUP
Primary purpose
SCREENING
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
15 Years to 60 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Patients underwent ACLR by three orthopaedic surgeons at the Tartu University Hospital Sports Traumatology Centre between 2013 and 2019.
Exclusion criteria
* Patients with revision ACLR, bilateral ACLR, and postoperative infections were excluded from the study.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| KOOS | 1 week | The primary variable of the study is the total KOOS score. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Oxford Knee Score (OKS) scoring | 1 week | OKS consists of 12 questions. Standardized answer options are provided (5 Likert boxes), and each question is assigned a score from 0 to 4. A score of 40-48 indicates no symptoms or satisfactory joint function, 30-39 moderate knee arthritis, 20-29 moderate to severe knee arthritis, and 0-19 severe knee arthritis. |
| Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-17) | 1 week | The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-17) was developed as a self-reported checklist to measure fear of pain during movement and fear of reinjury. The TSK-17 consists of 17 questions. Standardized answer options are given as a 4-point Likert scale, and each question is assigned a score from 1 to 4. A normalized score between 17 and 68 points is calculated. A score of 37 or over indicates kinesiophobia. |
| Body mass index | 1 week | Body mass (kg) and height (cm) were measured, and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated as kg/m2. |
| Single-leg hop test | 1 week | The single-leg hop test (SLHT) for distance was used for lower limb functional testing. The test started with the participant standing on one leg, toes behind a marked line, and hands on hips throughout to avoid aiding the jump by swinging the arms. The participant was instructed to jump as far as possible and land on the same leg without losing balance. If the patient made contact with the ground with the contralateral limb, lost balance, or made additional hops after landing, the distance was not measured and the jump void. The distance was measured from the starting line to the heel of the leg being tested. For both legs, three trials and three jumps for maximal effort were allowed. The longest distance for both the left leg and the right leg were used in the statistical analysis. |
| Y-balance test | 1 week | The Y-balance test (YBT) (Move2Perform, United States) for anterior reach was used to measure dynamic balance. Participants performed three trials to familiarize themselves with the test, and then undertook three tests. The test started with the participant standing barefoot on the testing kit. The patients had to push a wooden box with the contralateral leg as far as possible with continuous movement and return to their starting position without losing balance. The longest distance achieved was used in the statistical analysis. |
| Quadriceps and hamstring muscle isokinetic strength | 1 week | Quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength at 60˚/s and 180˚/s were measured with an isokinetic dynamometer. For 180˚/s, five trial and fifteen testing repetitions were used, and for 60˚/s, three trial and three testing repetitions were used. The resting time between trial and testing was two minutes, between different speeds one minute, and between legs two minutes. The maximum peak torques were used in the statistical analysis. |
Countries
Estonia
Contacts
Primary ContactLeho Rips, MD
Backup ContactTauno Koovit
Outcome results
None listed