Perioperative Hypersensitivity in Children

Drug Allergy

children,, anesthesia, anaphylaxis

There are limited studies on perioperative hypersensitivity (POH) reactions in children. The diagnosis of POH might be underestimated due to the difficulty of recognizing the reactions. Anaphylaxis may go unnoticed due to the unconscious state of the patient. Urticaria may be overlooked due to the sterile covers. This study aimed to evaluate POH reactions prospectively.

Patients with intraoperative signs of diffuse erythema, urticaria, angioedema, sudden hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmia, bronchospasm, vomiting, difficulty in ventilation, and end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) increase were included in the study. Reactions were graded from I to IV depending on increasing severity (Grade I, presence of cutaneous signs; Grade II, presence of measurable but non-life-threatening symptoms, including cutaneous effects, arterial hypotension, cough, or difficulty in mechanical ventilation; Grade III, presence of life-threatening reactions: cardiovascular arrest, tachycardia or bradycardia, arrhythmias, severe bronchospasm; Grade IV, circulatory inefficacy, cardiac and/or respiratory arrest). In case of suspicious findings in terms of hypersensitivity reactions during surgery or recovery from anesthesia; the basal serum tryptase level was recorded at the time of the reaction, 2 hours after the reaction, and any time after 24 hours. The severity of the reaction, vital signs, treatments applied, and medications administered after the reaction were recorded in the pre-prepared follow-up form. Then, skin tests were performed with all exposure agents,latex and chlorhexidine 4-6 weeks after the reaction in accordance with the records kept by the Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Clinic. A wheal diameter of at least 3mm larger than negative control is regarded a positive skin prick test, while in intradermal testing (IDT), a diameter 3 mm larger than the intracutaneously administered depot of the drug solution following 15-20 min is considered positive. Histamine was used as a positive control, and saline as a negative control. For positive skin test cases, basophil activation test was performed with the available drug. Skin prick and intradermal test concentrations were applied according to the recommendations for non-irritant test concentrations published by the European Network for Drug Allergy (ENDA) (8). Specific immunoglobulin E (spIgE) measurements were performed for latex and chlorhexidine on skin test positive cases, and for penicillin before the skin test for one case that experienced anaphylaxis due to antibiotics. The methodology used was ImmunoCAP® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden). Serum total tryptase levels were measured with ImmunoCAP® (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The increased serum tryptase value was calculated with the following formula: \>1.2\*basal tryptase level +2 mcg/L. In suspicious cases where the latex skin test was not clinically compatible, cutaneous provocation with latex was performed. Comparisons were made with the basophil activation test for positive results in drug skin tests.

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