Healthy
Conditions
Brief summary
The purpose of this study is to compare physiological responses in cardiovascular variables between nose and mouth breathing at rest and during exercise.
Detailed description
Breathing patterns can affect the cardiovascular system. Little is known about how nose versus mouth breathing affects cardiovascular variables (blood pressure, heart rate, etc.) at rest and during exercise. It has been suggested that breathing through the nose can cause calmness and lower blood pressure. However, research is needed to examine the extent to which breathing through the nose affects cardiovascular variables at rest and during exercise. Therefore, we will compare cardiovascular variables between nose-only and mouth-only breathing. The rate of breathing will be fixed (using an audible metronome) for both breathing conditions (nose-only vs mouth-only) based on an individual's free breathing (i.e., no breathing cues) breathing rate.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALNose-only breathing
Participants will breathe only through their nose (mouth closed) during rest and submaximal exercise.
BEHAVIORALMouth-only breathing
Participants will breathe only through their mouth (nose clips prevent nose breathing) during rest and submaximal exercise.
Sponsors
Florida State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
SINGLE (Outcomes Assessor)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 30 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Body mass index: ≤30 kg/m2 * Resting Blood pressure: ≤140/90 mmHg
Exclusion criteria
* Overt cardiovascular (e.g., diagnosed hypertension), respiratory, neurological, renal, liver, and/or metabolic health condition * Current or recent (regular use within the past 6 months) use of tobacco or nicotine products (e.g., cigarettes)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Blood Pressure During Exercise Between Study Arms | Up to one day | Systolic blood pressure will be measured in the laboratory during submaximal exercise with nose-only breathing and mouth-only breathing. |
| Heart Rate During Exercise Between Study Arms | Up to one day | Heart rate will be measured in the laboratory during submaximal exercise with nose-only breathing and mouth-only breathing. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Rating of Perceived Exertion During Exercise Between Study Arms | Up to one day | Participants will report their rating of perceived exertion (numerical scores of 6-20, with 20 being the greatest exertion) based on a validated scale during submaximal exercise with nose-only breathing and mouth-only breathing. |
| Rating of Perceived Breathlessness During Exercise Between Study Arms | Up to one day | Participants will report their rating of perceived breathlessness (numerical scores of 0-10, with 10 being the greatest breathlessness) based on a validated scale during submaximal exercise with nose-only breathing and mouth-only breathing. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| All Participants These numbers are for all participants | 20 |
| Total | 20 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | All Participants |
|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 20 Participants |
| Body mass index | 23 kilograms per meters squared STANDARD_DEVIATION 2 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 4 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 16 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 19 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 20 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 13 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 7 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 20 | 0 / 20 |
Outcome results
Primary
Blood Pressure During Exercise Between Study Arms
Systolic blood pressure will be measured in the laboratory during submaximal exercise with nose-only breathing and mouth-only breathing.
Time frame: Up to one day
Population: 17 participants completed both arms with this variable measured
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nose-only Breathing | Blood Pressure During Exercise Between Study Arms | 142 mmHg | Standard Deviation 14 |
| Mouth-only Breathing | Blood Pressure During Exercise Between Study Arms | 146 mmHg | Standard Deviation 12 |
Primary
Heart Rate During Exercise Between Study Arms
Heart rate will be measured in the laboratory during submaximal exercise with nose-only breathing and mouth-only breathing.
Time frame: Up to one day
Population: 18 participants completed both arms with this variable measured
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nose-only Breathing | Heart Rate During Exercise Between Study Arms | 130 beats per minute | Standard Deviation 20 |
| Mouth-only Breathing | Heart Rate During Exercise Between Study Arms | 133 beats per minute | Standard Deviation 22 |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Breathlessness During Exercise Between Study Arms
Participants will report their rating of perceived breathlessness (numerical scores of 0-10, with 10 being the greatest breathlessness) based on a validated scale during submaximal exercise with nose-only breathing and mouth-only breathing.
Time frame: Up to one day
Population: 18 participants completed both arms with this variable measured
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Nose-only Breathing | Rating of Perceived Breathlessness During Exercise Between Study Arms | 2 units on a scale |
| Mouth-only Breathing | Rating of Perceived Breathlessness During Exercise Between Study Arms | 3 units on a scale |
Secondary
Rating of Perceived Exertion During Exercise Between Study Arms
Participants will report their rating of perceived exertion (numerical scores of 6-20, with 20 being the greatest exertion) based on a validated scale during submaximal exercise with nose-only breathing and mouth-only breathing.
Time frame: Up to one day
Population: 18 participants completed both arms with this variable measured
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nose-only Breathing | Rating of Perceived Exertion During Exercise Between Study Arms | 13 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3 |
| Mouth-only Breathing | Rating of Perceived Exertion During Exercise Between Study Arms | 12 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2 |