Coccygodynia, Coccyx Disorder, Coccyx Injury
Conditions
Keywords
Coccydynia, Coccygeal nerve, Ultrasonography, Coccyx
Brief summary
Coccydynia refers to a significant pain, that does not radiate, in and around the coccyx region. This symptom is typically worsen while sitting, especially on hard surfaces, standing up from sitting position and standing for long time. The steroid and anesthetic injection to the sacrococcygeal, intercoccygeal joints and impar ganglions are the most commonly cited second line management option in the literatures for refractor cases. The coccygeal nerve blockade or radiofrequency ablation is also used for coccydynia especially for traumatic cases. The aim of the study is; to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided sacrococcygeal and/or intercoccygeal joint injection in coccydynia and to investigate whether coccygeal nerve blockade has an additional contribution to this treatment.
Detailed description
Coccydynia refers to a significant pain, that does not radiate, in and around the coccyx region. This symptom is typically worsen while sitting, especially on hard surfaces, standing up from sitting position and standing for a long time. There are several uncertainties with respect to the origin of etiology and the commonest factor for coccydynia is external and internal trauma such as falling, giving birth. Also there are idiopathic cases. The risk of coccydynia progression is higher in the female gender and when obesity is present. The morphology and hypermobility of coccyx are associated with coccydynia and degenerative changes in the intercoccygeal discs have been incriminated to be a cause of pain in 41% of idiopathic and 44% of traumatic coccydynia. The other causes such as infections, tumors such as chordoma, osteoid osteoma or notochordal cell tumors. The antero-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs are primary imagining modality to rule out these conditions and also to investigate predisposing factors for coccydynia such as bony spicule, retroverted coccyx, subluxation or scoliosis of coccyx. The radiographs are also useful to find out any fracture or dislocation in cause of trauma. Angular mobility evaluation is done by dynamic imaging modalities and still mostly used method is dynamic radiographs which are performed in standing and seated position at the point of maximum pain. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used for chronic cases to identify most accurate diagnosis and to find exact irritation point and also for ruling out the infections and tumors. A wide range of treatment options have been described till date and conservative therapy such as heat, ice, seat cushions, topical anesthetic and oral/topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and intrarectal/intravaginal manual manipulation is successful in %90 of cases. The second line management option for refractor cases is steroid and anesthetic injections however, site of injection is controversial. The sacrococcygeal, intercoccygeal joints and impar ganglions are the most commonly sites for injections cited in the literatures. The success rate of the sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joints injections are reported as 60% in most of the studies and the symptoms of nearly one third of the patients relapse within one year. The coccygectomy is an effective modality for these refractory cases but, postoperative complications lead to continue to search conservative treatments options. The innervation of coccyx posteriorly is mostly done by paired of coccygeal nerves and the posterior rami of fourth and fifth sacral nerves which are joining with coccygeal nerves. The coccygeal nerves innervate the coccygeal periosteum, sacrococcygeal joint and the skin over the coccyx. Pain occur at posterior region, after trauma such as falling or long time sitting may be elicited by coccygeal nerves. The coccygeal nerve emerges from the conus medullaris and pierces the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament while it descends in sacral canal. At the level of coccygeal cornu (CC), it is in the the subcutaneous layer and medial to the CC. Therefore coccygeal nerve blockade or radiofrequency ablation is also used for coccydynia especially for traumatic cases. Image guidance such as ultrasound (USG), fluoroscopy, computerized tomography (CT) provide visualization of the needle into the target and improves the accuracy of injections. The use of USG improve the identification of musculoskeletal structures and it spares the patient radiation exposure. It has advantage over the other modalities in that it is cost effective, portable and adapted in multiple disciplines and it has therapeutic safety. In this study, it is planned to assessed the change of pain severity of the patients who had sacrococcygeal and/or intercoccygeal joint injection with/without coccygeal nerve block in our clinic due to the complaint of coccydynia resistant to conservative treatment methods, by applying the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Patients are asked to indicate rates of their pain on the day of presentation during palpation of coccyx, at the first sitting, sitting on soft and hard surface, standing up from sitting position, standing for long time, during defecation, sexual intercourse and menstrual cycle, and also 1 week, 4 weeks, 3 moths and 6 months after the injection for each. Participants are asked to indicate rates of their pain according to NRS during sitting, standing up from sitting position and on palpation of coccyx at the first hour of injection. The pain elicited by injection is also asked after one hour, to determine the effect of coccygeal nerve block which is applied before the sacrococcygeal and/or intercoccygeal joint injection. The second outcome measurement method is assessing the change of pain-free sitting time as a minute before the injection, and one hour, 1 week, 4 weeks, 3 moths and 6 months after the injection.The Oswestry Disability Index for patients with low back pain, Short Form-12 (SF-12) are applied to the participants before the procedure and, at the 1st month, 3rd months and 6 months after the treatment. In these ways, it is planned to evaluate the efficacy of sacrococcygeal and/or intercoccygeal joint injection and also to understand does any additive effect of coccygeal nerve blockade to this treatment approach.
Interventions
PROCEDUREUltrasound-guided sacrococcygeal and/or intercoccygeal joint injection
Ultrasound guidance is used for correct visualization of injection site, and so obtained more successful results. Patients are placed in the prone position with a pillow under the abdomen to flatten the lumbar curvature. Lower extremities should be internally rotated while feet are inverted to help flatten the gluteal region. Injection site is cleaned thrice with povidone iodine %10 solution and covered with sterile drapes. Ultrasonography gel was applied on the probe and the probe was wrapped with a transparent thin sheath and cleaned with povidone iodine. Sterile gel is applied on the skin. The sacrococcygeal ligament, the sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joints were visualized. The sacrococcygeal and/or intercoccygeal joints were entered using the in-plane technique with a 23 gauge 6 cm long needle. When it was seen that the needle tip was inside the joint, 3 cc of 2% lidocaine + 1 cc betamethasone solution was injected.
PROCEDUREUltrasound-guided coccygeal nerve block
Patients are placed in the prone position with a pillow under the abdomen. Lower extremities are internally rotated while feet are inverted. Injection site and the probe are cleaned thrice with povidone iodine %10 solution. Sterile gel is applied. The prob was placed on coccygeal cornu and the coccygeal nerve was visualized superomedial to the CC in the subcutaneous tissue layer. Hydrodissection was made by administering 5 ml of 5% dextrose + 1 ml of 2% lidocaine via an in-plane approach with a 23 gauge 6 cm long needle, targeting the short axes of the bilateral coccygeal nerves.
PROCEDUREUltrasound-guided sacrococcygeal and/or intercoccygeal joint injection after coccygeal nerve block
After the coccygeal nerve block, when the pain with palpation of the coccygeal region was reduced by at least 50%, the sacrococcygeal ligament, sacrococcygeal and intercoccygeal joints were visualized.The sacrococcygeal and/or intercoccygeal joints were entered using the in-plane technique with a 23 gauge 6 cm long needle. When the needle tip was inside the joint, 3 cc of 2% lidocaine + 1 cc betamethasone solution was injected.
Sponsors
Fatih Sultan Mehmet Training and Research Hospital
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
Randomised, Double Blind Study
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. Aged 18-65 years 2. Patients who have coccygeal pain and have not benefited from conservative treatment 3. Be able to understand enough Turkish to complete the outcome questionnaire 4. Patients whose informed consent was obtained for participation in the study
Exclusion criteria
1. Fibromyalgia 2. History of surgery for coccydynia 3. Pregnancy or breastfeeding 4. Inflammatory disease which effect the spine 5. Malignancy 6. Coagulation disorders 7. Infection
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in pain severity of patients from baseline to each checkpoints | From pre-interventional time to post-interventional 1st hour, first week, 4th week, 3rd month, 6th moth | Pain of the participants will be assessed by one of the most commonly used pain scale numerical rating scale. It is numeric version of visual analog scale in which a patient selects a whole number (0-10 integers) that best reflects the intensity of his/her pain. The 11-point numeric scale ranges from '0' representing no pain to '10' representing pain as bad as you can imagine. Participant is asked to indicate rates of their pain on the day of presentation during palpation of coccyx, at the first sitting, sitting on soft and hard surface, standing up from sitting position, standing for long time, during defecation, sexual intercourse and menstrual cycle, and also 1 week, 4 weeks, 3 moths and 6 months after the injection for each. Participant is also asked to indicate rates of their pain one hour after the injection during sitting, standing up from sitting position and on palpation of coccyx. |
| Change in pain-free sitting time of patients from baseline to each checkpoints | From pre-interventional time to post-interventional 1st hour, first week, 4th week, 3rd month, 6th moth | Participant is asked to indicate pain-free sitting time as a minute on the day of presentation, and one hour, 1 week, 4 weeks, 3 moths and 6 months after the injection. Longer duration indicating better result. |
| Pain according to NRS during injection | 1st hour | the pain elicited by injection is asked to participants to determine effect of coccygeal nerve block after one hour of injection. The score ranges from 0 to 10, with 0 indicating No Pain and 10 Worst Imaginable Pain |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change the patient reported quality of life assessment from baseline to each checkpoints | From pre-interventional time to post-interventional 4th week, 3rd month, 6th moth | Defining the change in quality of life scores of patients using Short Form 12 Health Survey (SF-12). The SF-12 is a standardized health related quality of life outcome questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 12 items questioned weighted and summed to provide physical and mental health scores (PCS and MCS). The two composite scores are computed using the scores on twelve questions that range from 0 to 100, with higher score indicating better health. |
| Change the patient reported disability from baseline to each checkpoints | From pre-interventional time to post-interventional 4th week, 3rd month, 6th moth | The Oswestry Disability Index is an effective method of measuring disability in patients with back and leg pain and is well suited to patients who have had persistent severe disability. The questionnaire consists of 10 items with each item having six statements. All scores are summed, then multiplied by two to obtain the index (range 0 to 100) with higher score indicating greater disability. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed