Cerebral Stroke, Hemiplegia, Spastic
Conditions
Keywords
Chronic stroke, Reaching task, Motion capture
Brief summary
This is cross-sectional study. By comparing kinematic analysis between stroke and healthy subjects in various directions, this investigation analyzes the compensatory kinematic movement for reaching task in stroke survivors
Detailed description
After Institutional Review Board approval, It recruits 2 groups. one group is elderly and another group is stroke survivors. the stroke group that meets the criteria. Another group is age matching of the stroke and not having an orthopedic or neurological disease. Participants of all the groups are assessed for kinematic by motion capture During reaching arm(affected side; stroke group, non-dominant side; healthy group) in 3 directions(medial\_45, forward\_90 and lateral\_135 degrees). Retroreflective markers are placed on 11 anatomical place (3th metacarpal joint, both acromion, elbow lateral and medial epicondyle, lateral and medial styloid process, xyphoid process, sternum, C7, T4). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible in three directions. The subject reach to a bell 5 times in each direction and assess clinical evaluation such as Fugl Meyer Assessment, Postural Assessment Scale, Modified Ashworth Scale, shoulder-elbow range of motion and Trunk Instability scale.
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
University of Valencia
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
40 Years to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
The inclusion criteria used in the randomized controlled trials were as follows: Stroke * Subject consisted of the physician's confirmation of chronic hemiplegia * onset ≥ 6 months * Mini-mental state examination≥25 * Biceps ≤2, Triceps≤2 * Ability to Sit on a chair alone * FMA upper extremity score ≥ 21 points, FMA upper extremity ≤ 66 points Healthy * Age of matching the stroke group * Absence of neurological disease and orthopedic disease
Exclusion criteria
Stroke * Biceps\>2, Triceps\>2 * Flaccid * Neglect syndrome * Have neurological disease and orthopedic disease * Lack of coordination
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Difference of the Components Temporal Measurements Between Healthy and Stroke | 1 time (Baseline) | Tangential velocity was computed for the hand marker's velocity. The period when the tangential velocity exceeded 10% of its peak was termed hand movement onset, whereas that when the tangential velocity stayed below 10% of its peak was termed hand movement offset. Peak hand velocity (mm/s) was analyzed. The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements. |
| Differences in Spatial Measurements of Trunk Dislocation Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | 1 time (Baseline) | Trunk dislocation (reaching phase in millimetre; mm) in reaching task. The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements. |
| Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | 1 time (Baseline) | Elbow extension and shoulder flexion angle (degree) in reaching task. The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements. |
| Differences in Temporal Measurements of Movement Unit Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | 1 time (Baseline) | Movement units are quantified by counting velocity peaks during the reaching task. A movement unit is defined as a velocity profile segment between a local minimum and the following maximum velocity that exceeds 20 mm/s, with a minimum time interval of 150 ms between subsequent peaks. This measure represents the smoothness of movement, where fewer movement units indicate smoother motion The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements. |
| Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Movement Time Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | 1 time (Baseline) | The period from hand tangential velocity movement onset to offset was the total time (entire time of reach and return phase \[second\]). The period when the tangential velocity exceeded 10% of its peak was termed hand movement onset, whereas that when the tangential velocity stayed below 10% of its peak was termed hand movement offset. The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements. |
| Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Velocity Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | 1 time (Baseline) | Tangential velocity was computed for the hand marker's velocity. Peak elbow angular velocity (rad/s) during elbow extension were measured The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements. |
| Differences in Temporal Measurements of Elbow Extension Acceleration Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | 1 time (Baseline) | Acceleration (rad/s2) during elbow extension was measured The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Comparison of Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scores Between Chronic Stroke Patients and Healthy | Baseline | Related Fugl-Meyer Assessment score(dependent) to predictors(independent) in three directions. In sitting position, the sum of each subtotal score is 66 (maximum) and the minimum is 0. Subscales were summed to compute a total score. Cutoff scores defined 0\ 20: severe, 21 \ 50: moderate, 51\ 66: mild 1\) Reflex activity\_max 4 score, 2) Volitional movement within synergies\_ max 18, 3) Volitional movement mixing synergies\_ max 6, 4) Volitional movement with little or no synergy\_ max 6, 5) Normal reflex activity\_max 2, 6) Wrist movement\_ max 10, 7) Hand movement with grasp\_ max 14, 8) coordination/speed\_max 6. |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Baseline | Shoulder and elbow joint range of motion * Shoulder flexion, adduction, abduction, external rotation, internal rotation * Elbow flexion, extension |
| Trunk Impairment Scale(TIS)_Health Status Chronic Stroke | 1 time(Baseline) | The Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) for stroke has a total score of 23 points, with higher scores indicating better trunk control ability. TIS components: Static sitting balance - 7 points Dynamic sitting balance - 10 points Coordination - 6 points 23 points = Optimal trunk control ability (normal performance of all items) 0 points = Minimal trunk control ability (unable to perform) Static sitting balance Dynamic sitting balance Co-ordination |
| Comparison of Modified Ashworth Scale Between Chronic Stroke Patients and Healthy Controls | Baseline | Scoring for Biceps * MAS 0: No increase in tone * MAS 1: slight increase in tone giving a catch when slight increase in muscle t-tone, manifested by the limb was moved in flexion or extension. * MAS 1+: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch followed by minimal resistance throughout (ROM ) * MAS 2: more marked increase in tone but more marked increased in muscle tone through most limb easily flexed * MAS 3: considerable increase in tone, passive movement difficult * MAS 4: limb rigid in flexion or extension The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) ranges from 0 to 4, where higher scores indicate more severe spasticity/increased muscle tone. A score of 0 represents normal muscle tone, while 4 represents the most severe level of spasticity. |
| Fugl_Meyer Assessment(FMA)_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Baseline | Upper extremity The total score means that severe \<20, 20=\<moderate\<60, 60=\<mild. Higher scores on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment indicate better upper limb motor control with reduced synergistic patterns, while lower scores indicate stronger synergistic patterns due to spasticity 1\) Reflex activity\_max 4 score, 2) Volitional movement within synergies\_ max 18, 3) Volitional movement mixing synergies\_ max 6, 4) Volitional movement with little or no synergy\_ max 6, 5) Normal reflex activity\_max 2, 6) Wrist movement\_ max 10, 7) Hand movement with grasp\_ max 14, 8) coordination/speed\_max 6. * Shoulder, Elbow and Forearm 1. Reflex activity 2. Volitional movement within synergies 3. Volitional movement mixing synergies 4. Volitional movement with little or no synergy 5. Normal reflex activity * Wrist * Hand * Coordination/Speed * Total score is 66 points |
| Modified Ashworth Scale_Stiffness of Chronic Stroke | Baseline | Scoring for Triceps * MAS 0: No increase in tone * MAS 1: slight increase in tone giving a catch when slight increase in muscle t-tone, manifested by the limb was moved in flexion or extension. * MAS 1+: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch followed by minimal resistance throughout (ROM ) * MAS 2: more marked increase in tone but more marked increased in muscle tone through most limb easily flexed * MAS 3: considerable increase in tone, passive movement difficult * MAS 4: limb rigid in flexion or extension The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) ranges from 0 to 4, where higher scores indicate more severe spasticity/increased muscle tone. A score of 0 represents normal muscle tone, while 4 represents the most severe level of spasticity. |
| Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke(PASS)_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Baseline | The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS) evaluates postural control in stroke patients, with scores ranging from 0-36 points, where higher scores indicate better functional recovery. 1\) Sitting without support 2,3) Standing with(without) support 4,5) Standing on (non)paretic leg 6) Supine to affected side lateral 7) Supine to non-affected side lateral 8) Supine to sitting up on the edge of the table 9) Sitting on the edge of the table to supine 10) Sitting to standing up 11) Standing up to sitting down 12) Standing, picking up a pencil from the floor |
Countries
South Korea
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants were recruited based on physician's confirmation of chronic hemiplegia with ≥ 6 months onset and the healthy group consisted of individuals without any history of neurological or orthopedic diseases. The participants was enrolled from August, 2022 to June, 2023 at the gym for the disabled of Ulsan city and Ulsan national institute of science and technology
Pre-assignment details
All of the subjects of 96 enrolled participants were inclusion criteria
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke The subject consisted of the physician's confirmation of chronic hemiplegia onset ≥ 6 months Mini-mental state examination≥25 Biceps ≤2, Triceps≤2 Ability to Sit on a chair alone FMA upper extremity score ≥ 21points, FMA upper extremity score ≤ 66 points The symptom is mild or moderate level (MAS≤2) and can sit alone. The subject reaches to target by affected arm in 3 directions(medial\_45, forward\_90 and lateral\_135 degrees) | 35 |
| Healthy Matching aged people, not having neurological system or orthopedic disease on Upper extremity.
The subject reaches to target by non-dominant arm in 3 directions(medial\_45, forward\_90 and lateral\_135 degrees) | 61 |
| Total | 96 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Chronic Stroke | Healthy | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical <=18 years | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Age, Categorical >=65 years | 23 Participants | 43 Participants | 66 Participants |
| Age, Categorical Between 18 and 65 years | 12 Participants | 18 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Age, Continuous | 68.80 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 13.81 | 68.61 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.23 | 68.67 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.09 |
| Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) | 51 units on a scale | 66 units on a scale | 66 units on a scale |
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | — | — | 0 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment South Korea | 35 participants | 61 participants | 96 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 17 Participants | 32 Participants | 49 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 18 Participants | 29 Participants | 47 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Difference of the Components Temporal Measurements Between Healthy and Stroke
Tangential velocity was computed for the hand marker's velocity. The period when the tangential velocity exceeded 10% of its peak was termed hand movement onset, whereas that when the tangential velocity stayed below 10% of its peak was termed hand movement offset. Peak hand velocity (mm/s) was analyzed. The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements.
Time frame: 1 time (Baseline)
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Difference of the Components Temporal Measurements Between Healthy and Stroke | Hand velocity_Forward | 944.52 mm/s | Standard Deviation 610.7 |
| Chronic Stroke | Difference of the Components Temporal Measurements Between Healthy and Stroke | Hand velocity_Lateral | 1003.22 mm/s | Standard Deviation 634.69 |
| Chronic Stroke | Difference of the Components Temporal Measurements Between Healthy and Stroke | Hand velocity_Medial | 1015.06 mm/s | Standard Deviation 675.14 |
| Healthy | Difference of the Components Temporal Measurements Between Healthy and Stroke | Hand velocity_Forward | 805.28 mm/s | Standard Deviation 324.31 |
| Healthy | Difference of the Components Temporal Measurements Between Healthy and Stroke | Hand velocity_Lateral | 822.19 mm/s | Standard Deviation 270.58 |
| Healthy | Difference of the Components Temporal Measurements Between Healthy and Stroke | Hand velocity_Medial | 1188.89 mm/s | Standard Deviation 497.5 |
Primary
Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients
Elbow extension and shoulder flexion angle (degree) in reaching task. The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements.
Time frame: 1 time (Baseline)
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow extension_Lateral | 133.70 Degree | Standard Deviation 19.44 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Shoulder flexion_Forward | 131.49 Degree | Standard Deviation 19.39 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow extension_Forward | 132.27 Degree | Standard Deviation 20.53 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Shoulder flexion_Lateral | 130.95 Degree | Standard Deviation 21.43 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow extension_Medial | 127.04 Degree | Standard Deviation 24.93 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Shoulder flexion_Medial | 135.00 Degree | Standard Deviation 18.55 |
| Healthy | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow extension_Medial | 127.46 Degree | Standard Deviation 12.31 |
| Healthy | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow extension_Forward | 131.97 Degree | Standard Deviation 9.26 |
| Healthy | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow extension_Lateral | 135.20 Degree | Standard Deviation 13.2 |
| Healthy | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Shoulder flexion_Medial | 123.67 Degree | Standard Deviation 13.8 |
| Healthy | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Shoulder flexion_Forward | 123.29 Degree | Standard Deviation 18.12 |
| Healthy | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Elbow and Shoulder Angle Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Shoulder flexion_Lateral | 128.64 Degree | Standard Deviation 13.39 |
Primary
Differences in Spatial Measurements of Trunk Dislocation Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients
Trunk dislocation (reaching phase in millimetre; mm) in reaching task. The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements.
Time frame: 1 time (Baseline)
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Trunk Dislocation Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Trunk dislocation (mm)_Forward | 272.44 millimeter | Standard Deviation 88.63 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Trunk Dislocation Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Trunk dislocation (mm)_Lateral | 288.14 millimeter | Standard Deviation 90.99 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Trunk Dislocation Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Trunk dislocation (mm)_Medial | 274.83 millimeter | Standard Deviation 88.31 |
| Healthy | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Trunk Dislocation Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Trunk dislocation (mm)_Forward | 221.24 millimeter | Standard Deviation 71.37 |
| Healthy | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Trunk Dislocation Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Trunk dislocation (mm)_Lateral | 253.50 millimeter | Standard Deviation 74.54 |
| Healthy | Differences in Spatial Measurements of Trunk Dislocation Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Trunk dislocation (mm)_Medial | 230.76 millimeter | Standard Deviation 80.51 |
Comparison: To determine the sample size, the G\*Power software was utilized, incorporating an effect size (d) of 1.9, alpha level of 0.05, and power of 0.8. A sample size of six individuals per group was considered sufficient to achieve adequate statistical power, which are α ≤ 0.05, power = 0.8, and β = 0.2.p-value: <0.001ANOVA
Comparison: To determine the sample size, the G\*Power software was utilized, incorporating an effect size (d) of 1.9, alpha level of 0.05, and power of 0.8. A sample size of six individuals per group was considered sufficient to achieve adequate statistical power, which are α ≤ 0.05, power = 0.8, and β = 0.2.p-value: <0.001ANOVA
Primary
Differences in Temporal Measurements of Elbow Extension Acceleration Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients
Acceleration (rad/s2) during elbow extension was measured The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements.
Time frame: 1 time (Baseline)
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Elbow Extension Acceleration Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular acceleration_Forward | 344.75 rad/s2 | Standard Deviation 261.56 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Elbow Extension Acceleration Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular acceleration_Lateral | 321.28 rad/s2 | Standard Deviation 199.17 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Elbow Extension Acceleration Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular acceleration_Medial | 396.78 rad/s2 | Standard Deviation 320.56 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Elbow Extension Acceleration Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular acceleration_Forward | 628.85 rad/s2 | Standard Deviation 270.49 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Elbow Extension Acceleration Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular acceleration_Lateral | 542.96 rad/s2 | Standard Deviation 281.04 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Elbow Extension Acceleration Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular acceleration_Medial | 722.87 rad/s2 | Standard Deviation 280.19 |
Primary
Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Movement Time Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients
The period from hand tangential velocity movement onset to offset was the total time (entire time of reach and return phase \[second\]). The period when the tangential velocity exceeded 10% of its peak was termed hand movement onset, whereas that when the tangential velocity stayed below 10% of its peak was termed hand movement offset. The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements.
Time frame: 1 time (Baseline)
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Movement Time Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Total time_Forward | 3.42 second | Standard Deviation 1.13 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Movement Time Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Total time_Lateral | 3.49 second | Standard Deviation 1.21 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Movement Time Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Total time_Medial | 3.26 second | Standard Deviation 1.02 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Movement Time Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Total time_Forward | 2.09 second | Standard Deviation 0.44 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Movement Time Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Total time_Lateral | 2.07 second | Standard Deviation 0.4 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Movement Time Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Total time_Medial | 1.98 second | Standard Deviation 0.37 |
Primary
Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Velocity Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients
Tangential velocity was computed for the hand marker's velocity. Peak elbow angular velocity (rad/s) during elbow extension were measured The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements.
Time frame: 1 time (Baseline)
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Velocity Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular velocity_Forward | 45.66 rad/s | Standard Deviation 31.21 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Velocity Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular velocity_Lateral | 44.04 rad/s | Standard Deviation 29.6 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Velocity Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular velocity_Medial | 53.74 rad/s | Standard Deviation 37.6 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Velocity Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular velocity_Forward | 75.40 rad/s | Standard Deviation 39.87 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Velocity Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular velocity_Lateral | 76.47 rad/s | Standard Deviation 43.44 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Hand Velocity Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Elbow angular velocity_Medial | 79.15 rad/s | Standard Deviation 38.79 |
Primary
Differences in Temporal Measurements of Movement Unit Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients
Movement units are quantified by counting velocity peaks during the reaching task. A movement unit is defined as a velocity profile segment between a local minimum and the following maximum velocity that exceeds 20 mm/s, with a minimum time interval of 150 ms between subsequent peaks. This measure represents the smoothness of movement, where fewer movement units indicate smoother motion The measurements are detected in 3 directions (Forward\_90, Lateral\_135, Medial\_45 degree). Participants reach to a bell as quickly as possible. 3rd joint is calculated for quantitative measurements.
Time frame: 1 time (Baseline)
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Movement Unit Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Movement unit_Forward | 4.47 number of peaks | Standard Deviation 2.17 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Movement Unit Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Movement unit_Lateral | 5.02 number of peaks | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Chronic Stroke | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Movement Unit Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Movement unit_Medial | 4.11 number of peaks | Standard Deviation 1.94 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Movement Unit Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Movement unit_Forward | 3.18 number of peaks | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Movement Unit Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Movement unit_Lateral | 2.63 number of peaks | Standard Deviation 0.67 |
| Healthy | Differences in Temporal Measurements of Movement Unit Components During 3-directional Bell-reaching Task Between Healthy Subjects and Stroke Patients | Movement unit_Medial | 2.66 number of peaks | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
Secondary
Comparison of Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scores Between Chronic Stroke Patients and Healthy
Related Fugl-Meyer Assessment score(dependent) to predictors(independent) in three directions. In sitting position, the sum of each subtotal score is 66 (maximum) and the minimum is 0. Subscales were summed to compute a total score. Cutoff scores defined 0\ 20: severe, 21 \ 50: moderate, 51\ 66: mild 1\) Reflex activity\_max 4 score, 2) Volitional movement within synergies\_ max 18, 3) Volitional movement mixing synergies\_ max 6, 4) Volitional movement with little or no synergy\_ max 6, 5) Normal reflex activity\_max 2, 6) Wrist movement\_ max 10, 7) Hand movement with grasp\_ max 14, 8) coordination/speed\_max 6.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Comparison of Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scores Between Chronic Stroke Patients and Healthy | 51 score on a scale |
| Healthy | Comparison of Fugl-Meyer Assessment Scores Between Chronic Stroke Patients and Healthy | 66 score on a scale |
Other Pre-specified
Comparison of Modified Ashworth Scale Between Chronic Stroke Patients and Healthy Controls
Scoring for Biceps * MAS 0: No increase in tone * MAS 1: slight increase in tone giving a catch when slight increase in muscle t-tone, manifested by the limb was moved in flexion or extension. * MAS 1+: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch followed by minimal resistance throughout (ROM ) * MAS 2: more marked increase in tone but more marked increased in muscle tone through most limb easily flexed * MAS 3: considerable increase in tone, passive movement difficult * MAS 4: limb rigid in flexion or extension The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) ranges from 0 to 4, where higher scores indicate more severe spasticity/increased muscle tone. A score of 0 represents normal muscle tone, while 4 represents the most severe level of spasticity.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Comparison of Modified Ashworth Scale Between Chronic Stroke Patients and Healthy Controls | 2 score on a scale |
| Healthy | Comparison of Modified Ashworth Scale Between Chronic Stroke Patients and Healthy Controls | 0 score on a scale |
Other Pre-specified
Fugl_Meyer Assessment(FMA)_Health Status Chronic Stroke
Upper extremity The total score means that severe \<20, 20=\<moderate\<60, 60=\<mild. Higher scores on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment indicate better upper limb motor control with reduced synergistic patterns, while lower scores indicate stronger synergistic patterns due to spasticity 1\) Reflex activity\_max 4 score, 2) Volitional movement within synergies\_ max 18, 3) Volitional movement mixing synergies\_ max 6, 4) Volitional movement with little or no synergy\_ max 6, 5) Normal reflex activity\_max 2, 6) Wrist movement\_ max 10, 7) Hand movement with grasp\_ max 14, 8) coordination/speed\_max 6. * Shoulder, Elbow and Forearm 1. Reflex activity 2. Volitional movement within synergies 3. Volitional movement mixing synergies 4. Volitional movement with little or no synergy 5. Normal reflex activity * Wrist * Hand * Coordination/Speed * Total score is 66 points
Time frame: Baseline
Other Pre-specified
Modified Ashworth Scale_Stiffness of Chronic Stroke
Scoring for Triceps * MAS 0: No increase in tone * MAS 1: slight increase in tone giving a catch when slight increase in muscle t-tone, manifested by the limb was moved in flexion or extension. * MAS 1+: slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch followed by minimal resistance throughout (ROM ) * MAS 2: more marked increase in tone but more marked increased in muscle tone through most limb easily flexed * MAS 3: considerable increase in tone, passive movement difficult * MAS 4: limb rigid in flexion or extension The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) ranges from 0 to 4, where higher scores indicate more severe spasticity/increased muscle tone. A score of 0 represents normal muscle tone, while 4 represents the most severe level of spasticity.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Modified Ashworth Scale_Stiffness of Chronic Stroke | 1 units on a scale |
| Healthy | Modified Ashworth Scale_Stiffness of Chronic Stroke | 0 units on a scale |
Other Pre-specified
Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke(PASS)_Health Status Chronic Stroke
The Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS) evaluates postural control in stroke patients, with scores ranging from 0-36 points, where higher scores indicate better functional recovery. 1\) Sitting without support 2,3) Standing with(without) support 4,5) Standing on (non)paretic leg 6) Supine to affected side lateral 7) Supine to non-affected side lateral 8) Supine to sitting up on the edge of the table 9) Sitting on the edge of the table to supine 10) Sitting to standing up 11) Standing up to sitting down 12) Standing, picking up a pencil from the floor
Time frame: Baseline
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke(PASS)_Health Status Chronic Stroke | 33 score on a scale |
| Healthy | Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke(PASS)_Health Status Chronic Stroke | 36 score on a scale |
Other Pre-specified
Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke
Shoulder and elbow joint range of motion * Shoulder flexion, adduction, abduction, external rotation, internal rotation * Elbow flexion, extension
Time frame: Baseline
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Elbow flexion | 139.63 degree | Standard Deviation 7.29 |
| Chronic Stroke | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder flexion | 161.46 degree | Standard Deviation 22.16 |
| Chronic Stroke | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder abduction | 149.57 degree | Standard Deviation 34.11 |
| Chronic Stroke | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder adduction | 44.77 degree | Standard Deviation 8.82 |
| Chronic Stroke | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder external rotation | 71.86 degree | Standard Deviation 19.18 |
| Chronic Stroke | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder internal rotation | 76.94 degree | Standard Deviation 19.79 |
| Chronic Stroke | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Elbow extension | 1.94 degree | Standard Deviation 5.26 |
| Healthy | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Elbow flexion | 144.18 degree | Standard Deviation 3.05 |
| Healthy | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder external rotation | 89.51 degree | Standard Deviation 2.36 |
| Healthy | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder flexion | 179.02 degree | Standard Deviation 7.68 |
| Healthy | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Elbow extension | 0 degree | Standard Deviation 0 |
| Healthy | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder abduction | 179.26 degree | Standard Deviation 5.76 |
| Healthy | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder internal rotation | 87.70 degree | Standard Deviation 8.09 |
| Healthy | Range of motion_Health Status Chronic Stroke | Shoulder adduction | 50.00 degree | Standard Deviation 0 |
Other Pre-specified
Trunk Impairment Scale(TIS)_Health Status Chronic Stroke
The Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) for stroke has a total score of 23 points, with higher scores indicating better trunk control ability. TIS components: Static sitting balance - 7 points Dynamic sitting balance - 10 points Coordination - 6 points 23 points = Optimal trunk control ability (normal performance of all items) 0 points = Minimal trunk control ability (unable to perform) Static sitting balance Dynamic sitting balance Co-ordination
Time frame: 1 time(Baseline)
Population: The population analyzed enrolled all participants with inclusion criteria between chronic stroke and healthy
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEDIAN) |
|---|---|---|
| Chronic Stroke | Trunk Impairment Scale(TIS)_Health Status Chronic Stroke | 14 score on a scale |
| Healthy | Trunk Impairment Scale(TIS)_Health Status Chronic Stroke | 23 score on a scale |