Smoking Cessation, Smoking, Cigarette, Smoking Reduction, Smoking, Smoking, Tobacco, Quitting Smoking
Conditions
Brief summary
The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of a pharmacist-delivered MTM (medication therapy management) approach, called QuitAid, to quitting cigarette smoking in rural Appalachia. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Is QuitAid, alone or combined with other quitting tobacco treatments, effective? * What makes QuitAid easy or hard to carry out? Is it cost effective? Is it easy to maintain? Treatment: All participants will be given at least 4 weeks of the nicotine patch. Some participants will be randomized (like the flip of a coin) to receive additional treatments (listed below). These groups will be compared to each other to see which combination works best to help them quit smoking. * Smokefree TXT - a texting program that helps people quit smoking * Tobacco quitline - 4 phone sessions to help people quit smoking * 8 weeks of NRT (nicotine replacement therapy in the form of nicotine patches or nicotine patches and lozenge) medication instead of 4 weeks * QuitAid - An MTM program given by the patient's pharmacist. This is a quitting smoking coaching program * Nicotine patch AND nicotine lozenge instead of just nicotine patches
Detailed description
The proposed study uses a mixed-method design to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of a pharmacist-delivered MTM (Medication Therapy Management) approach, called QuitAid, to smoking cessation in rural Appalachia. Aim 1 of this project will evaluate the effectiveness of QuitAid and standard, evidence-based tobacco treatments on cessation within an MTM pharmacist-delivered approach. Aim 2 will assess implementation, including relative cost of QuitAid, as well as standard, evidence-based tobacco treatments through an ask-advise-connect model, in community pharmacies, and will examine facilitators and barriers to reach, adoption, and maintenance of QuitAid as well as standard, evidence-based tobacco treatments through an ask-advise-connect method in community pharmacies. Smokers (n=768) recruited through 14 community pharmacies in rural Appalachia will be randomized in a 2x2x2x2x2 full factorial experiment to the following five treatments: (1) QuitAid Intervention (Yes vs. No), (2) tobacco quitline (Yes vs. No), (3) SmokefreeTXT through the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) Smokefree.gov initiative (Yes vs. No), (4) Combination NRT Lozenge + NRT Patch (vs. NRT patch alone), and/or (5) 8 weeks of NRT (vs. standard 4 weeks). Following the experimental trial, we will use an implementation science approach to assess implementation, including relative cost, as well as facilitators and barriers of reach, adoption, and maintenance of QuitAid and standard, evidence-based tobacco treatments through an ask-advise-connect method in community pharmacies (Aim 2).
Interventions
DRUG4 weeks of Nicotine lozenge
All participants will receive at least 4 weeks of the NRT Patch. Some will be randomized to receive 4 weeks of lozenge in addition to the NRT Patch. NRT temporarily replaces nicotine from tobacco to reduce motivation to consume tobacco and nicotine withdrawal symptoms.
DRUG8 weeks of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Patch
All participants will receive at least 4 weeks of the NRT Patch. Some will also be randomized to receive an additional 4 weeks of the NRT Patch
BEHAVIORALQuitAid
All participants will receive at least 4 weeks of the NRT Patch. Some participants will also be randomized to receive the QuitAid intervention, based on a medication adherence intervention, addresses perceptions (e.g., motivation, self-efficacy, beliefs) and practicalities of using NRT (e.g., monitoring NRT use, establishing a reminder system). QuitAid includes 1 in-person session and 5 follow-up telephonic sessions with the participant's local pharmacist/technician.
BEHAVIORALSmokefree TXT
All participants will receive at least 4 weeks of the NRT Patch. Some participants will also be randomized to receive the SmokefreeTXT is a text-messaging program offered through the National Cancer Institute's Smokefree.gov initiative, which sends pre-programmed messages timed around a quit date. Participants will receive 3-5 messages a day for 7 weeks. The first week of messages focus on preparation and the remaining 6 weeks of messages focus on post-cessation strategies (e.g., relapse prevention), all timed relative to the quit date set at enrollment.
BEHAVIORALTobacco Quitline
All participants will receive at least 4 weeks of the NRT Patch. Some participants will also be randomized to receive a 4-session proactive tobacco quitline, with each session lasting 20-30 minutes and occurring on days 7, 14, 21 and 28.The quitline intervention incorporates 3 phases: (1) preparing to quit, (2) quitting process, and (3) relapse prevention.
DRUG4 weeks of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Patch
All participants will receive at least 4 weeks of the NRT Patch.
DRUG8 Weeks Nicotine Lozenge
All participants will receive at least 4 weeks of the NRT Patch. Some will be randomized to receive 8 weeks of lozenge in addition to the NRT Patch. NRT temporarily replaces nicotine from tobacco to reduce motivation to consume tobacco and nicotine withdrawal symptoms.
Sponsors
University of Virginia
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
2x2x2x2x2
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
Study participants will be rural cigarette smokers from Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky and North Carolina who visit one of the participating study pharmacies. Pharmacies will be located in rural geographic areas of the Central and South Central subregions of Appalachia that include Virginia, Tennessee, Kentucky and North Carolina, as defined by the USDA Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (RUCC) 4-9, Rural-Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes 4-10, or Frontier and Remote (FAR) areas level 4. No exclusionary criteria are based on race, gender, or age. Inclusion Criteria include: * must be 18 years of age and older * must be able to read, speak, and understand English * must report smoking at least 5 cigarettes per day for the past 6 months (regardless of non-cigarette tobacco product use) * must be willing to set a quit date within the next 30 days * must own a cell phone * must be willing and able to use NRT in the form of patch or lozenge * Not be pregnant or planning to be pregnant in the next 6 months.
Exclusion criteria
include: * are pregnant women (self-reported), breastfeeding, planning to become pregnant during the next 6 months * have a medical contraindication to NRT (e.g., past 30 days, heart attack or stroke; past 6 months, serious or worsening angina, very rapid or irregular heartbeat requiring medication)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Tobacco Abstinence | 6 months | The primary outcome is biochemically verified point prevalence (verified through a CO test via Smokerlyzer at endpoint of participation in trial) abstinence defined as no smoking (even a puff) within the past 7 days. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Self-Reported Tobacco Abstinence | 1, 2, and 3 months | Self-reported point prevalence abstinence defined as no smoking (even a puff) within the past 7 days |
| Adherence to assigned treatment components | 1, 2, and 3 months | Assess adherence to assigned treatment regimen as the percentage of sessions completed if the participant was assigned to QuitAid and/or the quitline treatments, the frequency of opt-out from SmokefreeTXT (e.g., texting STOP), and the percent of NRT used. Adherence to NRT (both patch and/or lozenge) will be collected from participants at the 1-, 2-, and 3-month follow-ups. |
| Quit Attempts | 1, 2, and 3 months | Assess the number of times that participants have made a quit attempt since the previous contact at the 1-, 2-, 3- and 6-month follow-ups. A quit attempt will be defined as cigarette abstinence for ≥ 24 hours not due to involuntary or forced cessation (i.e., hospitalization) |
Countries
United States
Contacts
Primary ContactMelissa Little, PhD, MPH
Backup ContactLeslie Gladney, MA
Outcome results
None listed