Aging, Heat Stress, Heat Syncope, Hyperthermia, Weather; Heat
Conditions
Keywords
Heat wave, Cooling intervention, Heat strain, Cardiovascular strain, Heat and health protection, Extreme heat events
Brief summary
The incidence and severity of hot weather and extreme heat events (heat waves) is increasing. As such, there is an urgent need to develop heat-alleviation strategies that can provide targeted protection for older adults who are at an elevated risk for heat-induced illnesses or death due to impaired body temperature and cardiovascular regulation. While air-conditioning provides the most effective protection from extreme heat, it is inaccessible for many individuals and cannot be used during power outages (e.g., heat-related rolling blackouts). Immersion of the lower limbs in cold water and/or the application of cold towels to the neck have been recommended as simple and sustainable alternatives to air-conditioning. However, empirical data to support the efficacy of these interventions for mitigating physiological strain and discomfort in older adults is lacking. To address this knowledge gap, this randomized crossover trial will evaluate the effect of lower limb immersion with and without application of cold towels to the neck on body core temperature, cardiovascular strain and autonomic function, dehydration, and thermal comfort in adults aged 65-85 years exposed to simulated heat wave conditions (38°C, 35% relative humidity) for 6 hours.
Interventions
OTHERNo cooling (control)
Participants are exposed to 38°C, 35% relative humidity for 6 hours without cooling interventions (control condition). Drinking water is available ad libitum.
OTHERLower limb immersion
Participants are exposed to 38°C, 35% relative humidity for 6 hours. For the last 40 min of each hour, participants lower limbs are immersed in cool water (\ 20°C) up to the level of mid calf. Drinking water is available ad libitum.
OTHERLower limb immersion + neck cooling
Participants are exposed to 38°C, 35% relative humidity for 6 hours. For the last 40 min of each hour, participants lower limbs are immersed in cool water (\ 20°C) up to the level of mid calf. During limb immersion, a towel soaked in cool water (\ 20°C) is placed around the participants neck. The towel is re-wet half way through the 40-min limb immersion. Drinking water is available ad libitum.
Sponsors
University of Ottawa
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Outcomes Assessor)
Masking description
Participants will be informed of the study interventions before providing informed consent but will be masked to the specific trial until exposure (i.e., participants will not know the cooling intervention before the trial or during baseline measurements). Data will be blinded prior to analysis.
Intervention model description
Participant will complete 3 simulated extreme heat event exposures in random order: i) no cooling intervention (control); ii) lower limb water immersion; and iii) lower limb water immersion with application of cool wet towel to the neck.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
65 Years to 85 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Male or female adults. * Aged 65-85 years. * Non-smoking. * English or French speaking. * Ability to provide informed consent.
Exclusion criteria
* Physical restriction (e.g., due to disease: intermittent claudication, renal impairment, active proliferative retinopathy, unstable cardiac or pulmonary disease, disabling stroke, severe arthritis, etc.). * Use of or changes in medication judged by the patient or investigators to make participation in this study inadvisable (e.g., medications increasing risk of heat-related illness; beta blockers, anticholinergics, etc.) * Cardiac abnormalities identified via 12-lead ECG during an incremental exercise test to volitional fatigue (performed for all participants). * Peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak), as measured during an incremental exercise test to volitional fatigue, exceeding the 50th percentile of age- and sex-specific normative values published by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Core temperature | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Rectal temperature measured as an index of core temperature (15 minute average) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Systolic blood pressure | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Systolic blood pressure measured in triplicate via automated oscillometry (\ 60 seconds between measures) |
| Diastolic blood pressure | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Diastolic blood pressure measured in triplicate via automated oscillometry (\ 60 seconds between measures) |
| Rate pressure product | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Rate pressure product, an index of myocardial work and strain, calculated as systolic blood pressure x heart rate. |
| Heart rate variability: SDNN | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN) measured during 5 minutes of paced breathing (15 breaths/min) with participants in the seated position. SDNN will be evaluated twice, during two paced breathing periods (separated by 4 min of seated rest). |
| Heart rate variability: RMSSD | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Root mean squared standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (RMSSD) measured during 5 minutes of paced breathing (15 breaths/min) with participants in the seated position. RMSSD will be evaluated twice, during two paced breathing periods (separated by 4 min of seated rest). |
| Cardiac response to standing from supine (30:15 ratio) | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Cardiac response to standing evaluated as the ratio between the highest RR interval (lowest heart rate) measured at the 30th heart beat after standing from supine (+/- 5 beats) and the lowest RR interval (highest heart rate) measured at the 15th heart beat after standing (+/- 5 beats). Cardiac response to standing will be evaluated twice, during two lying-to-standing tests (separated by 10 min of supine rest). |
| Heart rate | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Heart rate derived from 3-lead electrocardiogram (15 minute average) |
| Integrated baroreflex sensitivity (sit-to-stand maneuvers) | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Determined from beat-to-beat arterial pressures and heart rate (volume-clamp technique) during 5 min of sit-to-stand maneuvers performed at 0.05 Hz (3 cycles per min; 15 total cycles). |
| Fluid consumption | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Cumulative fluid consumption calculated by weighing participant water intake at the start and end of each hour of exposure. |
| Fluid loss | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Fluid loss calculated as the change in body mass during each exposure presented as a percentage of baseline body mass (corrected for food consumption) |
| Change in plasma volume | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Change in plasma volume from baseline values calculated from duplicate measurements of hemoglobin and hematocrit at the start and end of each exposure using the technique by Dill and Costill. |
| Thermal comfort | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Thermal comfort assessed via a visual analog scale (How comfortable does your body temperature feel?) ranging from extremely uncomfortable to extremely comfortable (midpoint: neutral). |
| Orthostatic intolerance symptoms assessment | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Cumulative sum of scores on 6 questions asking participant to rank symptoms associated with orthostatic intolerance during the last 1-2 hours (including the lying-to-standing and sit-to-stand tests). All symptoms scored on a scale from 0 (none) to 10 (worst possible) and include feelings of: (1) dizziness, lightheadedness, feeling faint, or feeling like you might black out; (2) Problems with vision (blurring, seeing spots, tunnel vision, etc.); (3) Weakness; (4) Fatigue; (5) Trouble concentrating; and (6) Head and neck discomfort. |
| Systolic response to standing from supine | End of heat exposure (hour 6) | Systolic blood pressure response to standing evaluated as the difference in blood pressure measured between the standing and supine. Standing systolic blood pressure will be taken as the lowest value of those measured after 60 and 120 seconds of standing. Systolic response to standing will be evaluated twice, during two lying-to-standing tests (separated by 10 min of supine rest). |
Countries
Canada
Outcome results
None listed