Athletic Performance, Body Weight Changes, Recovery, Sleep
Conditions
Brief summary
The overall aim of this project is to compare protein supplementation on performance, recovery, and body composition changes in adolescent soccer players between the whey protein and the control group in response to the 10-12-week intervention.
Detailed description
Informed Consent, Parental Permission and Assent: These will be obtained over Zoom, prior to participation in any study procedures. Randomization: Randomization will occur following baseline testing. Participants will be randomized via random number generator stratified by sex, into either the whey protein supplement group or the placebo (isocaloric) control group. Baseline and Post-Intervention testing will occur over a single day for each participant. Baseline: All athletes will report to testing facilities for a single blood draw to measure inflammatory biomarkers and a body composition assessment (via BodPod) to measure fat mass and fat free mass. Participants will then be escorted to a track where they will run a 30-yard dash to assess their speed and a 1.5-mile run to assess their estimated maximal rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max). Participants will then be transferred back to the testing facility where they will undergo assessment of lower body muscle fatigue (via HumacNorm). Questionnaires: Athletes will complete the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Participants will also complete 3-day, 24-hour dietary recalls (via ASA-24). Sleep measures: Fitbit (Inspire 2) will be used measure sleep efficiency, duration, and staging. Fitabase will be utilized to receive Fitbit data. Participants will be instructed to wear their Fitbit for 1-week. Intervention: In-season soccer practices and competition will occur 6-days per week across a 10-12 week period, depending on how far teams advance in postseason play. During the 10-12-weeks, participants will consume their assigned supplement or placebo twice per day, every day, immediately after practice or competition (or midday on rest days), and \ 1 hour before bedtime. Sleep measures: Sleep measures will be evaluated as described above. Sleep measures will be collected at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. Questionnaires: Participants will complete 3-days of 24-hour dietary recalls (via ASA-24) at weeks 5 and 10. Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), a delayed-onset muscle soreness questionnaire and a GI symptom Questionnaire will be completed at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. Urine Samples: We will randomly assign participants to provide urine samples at weeks 4 and 7 as a sham measure of compliance to supplementation protocol. Post-testing will be the same as pre-testing and will commence after the 10-12-week competitive season. All measures described above in baseline testing will be repeated.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTWhey Protein Supplement
Participants assigned to the intervention will consume the supplement mixed with 6-8oz of water every day, twice per day, after soccer practice or soccer games, and one hour before bedtime.
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTCarbohydrate Placebo Control
Participants assigned to the placebo control will consume the supplement mixed with 6-8oz of water every day, twice per day, after soccer practice or soccer games, and one hour before bedtime.
Sponsors
University of Utah
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
OTHER
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
13 Years to 18 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* 13-18 years old; male and female High school soccer players
Exclusion criteria
* non-adolescents; untreated or underlying metabolic or cardiovascular diseases; allergies to dairy, or any allergies ingredients in the study provided granola bar or bagels, such as soy, wheat, tree nuts, peanuts, milk, and sesame.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Estimated VO2max | Measured at baseline and post-intervention (10-12-weeks) | Measured via 1.5-mile run time with participants running as quickly as they can. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Changes in Muscular Fatigue Via Repetitions to Fatigue | Measured at baseline and post-intervention (10-12-weeks) | Measured via leg extension machine (HumacNorm) using isometric muscle contraction in the quadriceps muscle. Repetitions to fatigue was defined as the total number of consecutive maximal isometric contractions completed until force output declines below a predetermined threshold (e.g., \<45% of peak torque). |
| Changes in Speed | Measured at baseline and post-intervention (10-12-weeks) | Measured using a 30 yard sprint |
| Changes in Muscular Strength | Measured at baseline and post-intervention (10-12-weeks) | This outcome is measured via maximum voluntary contraction from an isometric mid-thigh pull. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORTanya Halliday, PhD
University of Utah
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Participants (13-18 years old) were recruited from Marsh Valley High School boys and girls' soccer teams in July of 2022.
Pre-assignment details
Participants completed baseline testing after receiving written informed consent and assent. Participants were randomized to consuming whey protein or placebo. One participant withdrew before starting intervention.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | — |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 15.4 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 0.4 |
| Body mass index | 53.9 percentile STANDARD_DEVIATION 33.6 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 10 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 10 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 10 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 8 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 5 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 10 | 0 / 12 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 10 | 1 / 12 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 12 |
Outcome results
None listed