Nicotine Addiction, Tobacco Use Disorder
Conditions
Brief summary
Tobacco use remains the foremost cause of preventable deaths in the U.S. and worldwide. Advancing new smoking cessation therapies, including those targeting novel biological mechanisms, is a critical public health priority. Accumulating evidence from preclinical studies suggests that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists reduce intake and/or reinstatement of addictive drugs, including nicotine. However, translational work is necessary to establish whether GLP-1 receptor agonists alter aspects of nicotine response and smoking behavior in smokers. Human laboratory studies play a pivotal role in drug development by providing a time- and cost-efficient means of validating preclinical findings, also providing an ideal platform for studying mechanisms of medication effects. This is an experimental investigation to examine the effects of an approved GLP-1 receptor agonist on nicotine intake and reinstatement. Dependent smokers will be enrolled in a double-blind, parallel-arm trial with laboratory endpoints. Laboratory procedures will include a validated procedure for measuring smoking lapse/reinstatement after overnight abstinence. This study will provide initial laboratory evidence for the potential efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonists as adjunctive treatments for smoking cessation.
Interventions
DRUGSemaglutide
Semaglutide (subcutaneous)
DRUGSham/placebo
Sham subcutaneous injection
Sponsors
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
BASIC_SCIENCE
Masking
TRIPLE (Subject, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
Intervention model description
Randomized parallel group design.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age 21-65 * Smoking 5+ cigarettes per day (on average) over the past year, with no period of abstinence \> 90 days * Biochemical verification of smoking status, based on expired CO \> 8 at baseline * Willingness to take study medication and complete study procedures * Willingness to complete lab sessions involving cigarette smoking * Ability to communicate in English
Exclusion criteria
* Regular use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS/vaping), cigars, chewing tobacco or snuff, based on at least weekly use in the past 30 days * Past 30-day use of nicotine replacement therapies/products * Reporting past 30-day use of illicit drugs other than cannabis at baseline, or having a positive toxicology screen for illicit drugs other than cannabis at baseline * Current engagement in alcohol or smoking cessation treatments, or currently engaged in intentional efforts to quit cigarette use * Past 30-day use of: Sincalide, Sulfonylureas, insulin and insulin products or other medications that may interact with semaglutide, or weight control medications * Prior use of semaglutide or other GLP-1 agonists * Known or suspected hypersensitivity to study medication or related products * Lifetime diagnosis of severe mental illness (including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) * Meeting criteria for current alcohol use disorder (AUD) or other substance use disorder (with the exception of tobacco or mild cannabis use disorder) * History of suicide attempt, or recent (past 30 day) suicidal ideation, or psychiatric hospitalization in the last 6 months * Current significant medical or neurological illness (based on self-report or medical record) including severe hepatic impairment or cirrhosis, impaired renal function (eGFR \<50ml/min), acute or chronic pancreatitis, gastroparesis, gallbladder disease or cholelithiasis, other severe gastrointestinal disease, heart failure, coronary artery disease, stroke, seizure disorder, or other medical condition that poses a risk for the medication or alcohol administration components of the study (as determined by the MD) * A personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer or multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A or 2B * Calcitonin greater than or equal to 50 ng/L * Uncontrolled thyroid disease at screening * History of major surgical procedures involving the stomach potentially affecting absorption of trial product (e.g., subtotal and total gastrectomy, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass surgery) * History of Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes, or HbA1c \>6.5% measured at screening * History of diabetic retinopathy, proliferative retinopathy, or maculopathy * History of diabetic ketoacidosis * History or presence of malignant neoplasms within the last 5 years (except basal and squamous cell skin cancer and carcinoma in situ) * Currently nursing, pregnant, anticipating pregnancy in the next 6 months, or not using a highly effective contraceptive method as judged by the MD, and defined as: 1. combined (estrogen and progestogen containing) hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation (oral, intravaginal, transdermal) 2. progestogen-only hormonal contraception associated with inhibition of ovulation (oral, injectable, implantable) 3. intrauterine device 4. intrauterine hormone-releasing system 5. bilateral tubal occlusion 6. vasectomized partner 7. sexual abstinence * Elevation of serum lipase, amylase, direct (conjugated) bilirubin, or alkaline phosphatase (ALP), ALT, or AST) more than 3X the upper limit of normal on baseline bloodwork * Baseline body mass index (BMI) \<23kg/m\^2 * Uncontrolled hypertension or systolic BP \>180 mmHg and/or diastolic BP \>105 mmHg, averaged from three measurements * Plans for travel outside of the local area in the upcoming 12 weeks that would interfere with lab visits during the study period (or other logistic factors that would make it difficult to commit to entire duration of study)
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Nicotine Self-Administration | Baseline (Week 0) to post-medication (Week 8) | Number of cigarettes smoked during a laboratory smoking procedure |
| Change in Nicotine Reinstatement Duration | Baseline (Week 0) to post-medication (Week 8) | Duration (minutes) of resistance to smoking reinstatement during a laboratory lapse task |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Daily Cigarette Smoking | Baseline (Week 0) to study endpoint (Week 10) | Number of cigarettes consumed per day during medication exposure |
Other
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Cigarette Craving | baseline (Week 0) to post-medication (Week 8) | Self-reported craving during a cue exposure task |
| Change in HbA1c | baseline (Week 0) to study endpoint (Week 10) | Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) |
| Change in Subjective Responses to Cigarette Smoking | baseline (Week 0) to post-medication (Week 8) | Self-reported responses to cigarette smoking during a laboratory smoking procedure The Cigarette Purchase Task is a 21-question self-reported measure to understand motivation for obtaining cigarettes which asks participants about the number of cigarettes they would purchase and smoke based on an increasing cigarette cost. |
| Change in Body Weight | baseline (Week 0) to study endpoint (Week 10) | Body weight |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Semaglutide Participants will receive semaglutide via subcutaneous injections at escalating doses (0.25mg to 1.0mg) over 9 weeks.
Semaglutide: Semaglutide (subcutaneous) | 12 |
| Sham/Placebo Participants will receive sham subcutaneous injections over 9 weeks.
Sham/placebo: Sham subcutaneous injection | 12 |
| Total | 24 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Semaglutide | Total | Sham/Placebo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 43.7 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.1 | 43.9 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.2 | 44.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.6 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 12 Participants | 24 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 10 Participants | 20 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 12 Participants | 24 Participants | 12 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 10 Participants | 20 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 10 / 12 | 8 / 12 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 12 | 0 / 12 |
Outcome results
Primary
Change in Nicotine Reinstatement Duration
Duration (minutes) of resistance to smoking reinstatement during a laboratory lapse task
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) to post-medication (Week 8)
Population: Analysis population includes participants who completed a post-treatment laboratory smoking session (n=10 semaglutide group, n=11 placebo group). Two participants in the semaglutide group and one participant in the placebo group discontinued participation prior to the post-treatment smoking session.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Semaglutide | Change in Nicotine Reinstatement Duration | 10.3 Minutes | Standard Deviation 27.6 |
| Sham/Placebo | Change in Nicotine Reinstatement Duration | -2.2 Minutes | Standard Deviation 20.1 |
Primary
Change in Nicotine Self-Administration
Number of cigarettes smoked during a laboratory smoking procedure
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) to post-medication (Week 8)
Population: Analysis population includes participants who completed a post-treatment laboratory smoking session (n=10 semaglutide group, n=11 placebo group). Two participants in the semaglutide group and one participant in the placebo group discontinued participation prior to the post-treatment smoking session.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Semaglutide | Change in Nicotine Self-Administration | -0.8 Number of cigarettes | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Sham/Placebo | Change in Nicotine Self-Administration | -0.5 Number of cigarettes | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
Secondary
Change in Daily Cigarette Smoking
Number of cigarettes consumed per day during medication exposure
Time frame: Baseline (Week 0) to study endpoint (Week 10)
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Semaglutide | Change in Daily Cigarette Smoking | -3.35 Number of cigarettes per day | Standard Deviation 5.25 |
| Sham/Placebo | Change in Daily Cigarette Smoking | -2.27 Number of cigarettes per day | Standard Deviation 4.15 |
Other Pre-specified
Change in Body Weight
Body weight
Time frame: baseline (Week 0) to study endpoint (Week 10)
Other Pre-specified
Change in Cigarette Craving
Self-reported craving during a cue exposure task
Time frame: baseline (Week 0) to post-medication (Week 8)
Other Pre-specified
Change in HbA1c
Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c)
Time frame: baseline (Week 0) to study endpoint (Week 10)
Other Pre-specified
Change in Subjective Responses to Cigarette Smoking
Self-reported responses to cigarette smoking during a laboratory smoking procedure The Cigarette Purchase Task is a 21-question self-reported measure to understand motivation for obtaining cigarettes which asks participants about the number of cigarettes they would purchase and smoke based on an increasing cigarette cost.
Time frame: baseline (Week 0) to post-medication (Week 8)