Iron Deficiency (Without Anemia)
Conditions
Keywords
Iron, Microbiome, Gut Bacteria
Brief summary
Iron deficiency is a common problem that is often treated with the administration of oral iron. Most of the iron is not absorbed and remains in the intestine, where it influences the balance of gut bacteria. This influence is usually undesirable and should be kept as small as possible. With lower iron doses, the amount of unabsorbed iron is smaller and therefore a smaller change in the intestinal bacteria composition is to be expected.
Detailed description
Iron deficiency affects about one in five premenopausal women. The first line treatment for patients with iron deficiency is an oral therapy with iron-supplements, another option is the intravenous iron supplementation. The oral supplementation causes side-effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and many more in a lot of patients. There is a positive correlation between the appearance of gastrointestinal side-effects and the applicated iron dose. Only a low fraction of orally taken iron is actually absorbed, even in patients with iron-deficiency. Since only a fraction of the orally administered iron is actually absorbed, the toxicity of high concentrations of iron in the gastrointestinal tract and the altered selection advantages of the bacteria presumably leads to microbiome changes. The unabsorbed iron is potentially changing the microbiome, which leads to undesirable side effects. With low-dose iron-supplementation the amount of unabsorbed iron is smaller, therefore a dosage dependent microbiome change would be expected. The aim of the study is to determine the magnitude of the microbiome response to daily iron substitution with 12mg and 100mg.
Interventions
DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTIron
4 weeks of daily oral iron therapy. The subjects administer the therapy themselves.
Sponsors
University of Zurich
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
FEMALE
Age
18 Years to 50 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Informed Consent as documented by signature * Female gender * Premenopausal * Age \> 18 years * Regular menstrual cycle * BMI in normal range (18-25kg/m2) * Serum-ferritin ≤30ng/ml * No anemia (hemoglobin ≥117g/l) * No intake of dietary supplements for at least 4 weeks
Exclusion criteria
* Pregnancy * Hypermenorrhea (more than 5 unties/tampons per day) * Chronic inflammatory disease, psychiatric disorders * Hypersensitivity to iron supplements * chronic kidney disease (creatinine \>80 µmol/l) * Liver disease (ALT \>35 U/l) * Hypo- or Hyperthyroidism (TSH not between 0.16-4.25 mU/l) * Intake of medicines that interact with oral iron supplementation (e.g. PPI)\*
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Microbiome diversity and oral iron therapy | 4 weeks | The microbiome is analyzed using stool samples. A stool sample is taken before and after the 4 weeks period. The low-dose arm is expected to have a smaller decrease compared to the standard-dose arm. The microbiome composition is measured using 16S rDNA gene amplicon sequencing. The results are analysed using the Shannon-Index to include diversity as well as abundance. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Side-effects of treatment | 4 weeks | Adverse events will be assessed on a report form after 4 weeks |
Countries
Switzerland
Outcome results
None listed