Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
Organic grass-fed, Conventional-fed
Brief summary
Western omnivore diets tend to use beef as a good source of protein. Studies have shown cattle who are fed different diets results in varying nutritional meat profiles in terms of amino acids, types and relative amounts of fat, and other nutrients. While overlap between organic and conventionally raised beef is expected, dietary impacts on human health are potentially meaningful as small changes in diet may have large downstream effects on human metabolism. To date, no studies have been conducted in humans that evaluate the health effects of organic grass-fed beef consumption to conventionally-fed beef consumption. To fill this gap in research, the investigators propose to identify metabolic differences in response to consumption of organic grass-fed compared to conventional-fed beef on a wide array of blood borne nutrients including amino acids, lipids, bile acids, and hundreds of other metabolites. This comprehensive analysis is expected to differentiate nutritional and metabolic impacts relevant to human health and provide a foundation for future research. The purpose of this study is to determine how a beef steak meal may affect bile acids in the gut, inflammation, and the metabolic health of healthy individuals. This research will investigate the following questions: 1. How do specific foods affect bile acids in the blood? 2. How do specific foods changes inflammation, metabolism, and other health measures? If researchers learn how food affects different health related markers in the blood and how that may influence health, then this information can be used to do more research to improve the health of people in a future study.
Detailed description
The approach for this study is to enroll a population of healthy individuals (n=10; 5 men and 5 women) in a double-blind, two-armed (Organic Grass-fed and Conventional-fed), randomized, crossover trial in which each individual participant serves as their own control to compare postprandial serum bile acid responses between steak meals, one which is organically grass-fed (OGF) and the other conventionally-fed (CONVF). Participants will consume a 6-oz steak meal grilled to 158°F, the recommended temperature by the USDA. The randomized crossover design with half of the participants starting in the OGF arm and the other half starting in the CONVF arm will eliminate potential order effects. Block randomization with 2 blocks (total of 5 per block) will be created. Having each person serve as their own control in a crossover trial will eliminate the influence of inter-individual variation. The MSU Nutrition Research team has extensive experience with postprandial testing protocols and dietary manipulation and will utilize this experience to perform the proposed protocol with appropriate pre-test standardization, uniformity of meal preparation, precise timing of blood collection, and established procedures for processing and analyzing blood samples. Bile acids, including all primary and secondary forms, will be analyzed from samples collected before the meal and at 30-minute intervals for 4 hours after the meal. Established methods in the MSU Proteomics, Metabolomics, and Mass Spectrometry Facility will be used to compare total and individual bile acids between OGF and CONVF conditions. Procedures: During Visit 1, participants will undergo informed consent, be asked to complete a series of written questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. There will be a minimum 72 run-in period just prior to Visit 2, during which participants will be asked to follow certain dietary guidelines, such as no red meat. The second (Visit 2) and third (Visit 3) visits will take approximately 5 hours each and will each include a total of 9 blood draws through a sampling catheter, with each blood draw collecting about 2-3 teaspoons of blood. Blood will be drawn before a provided steak meal then every thirty minutes for 4 hours after meal consumption. There are a minimum of 72-hours between visits 1 and 2, and 7 days between visits 2 and 3. During this minimum 72- hour and 7-day period, participants will be asked to follow provided dietary and physical activity instructions. In addition, participants will be asked to complete a one month diet history questionnaire and a 24-hour dietary recall. Dietary intervention: A meat science specialist will select and prepare the steaks which will be given to participants. Participants will be asked to consume a 6-ounce beef steak meal, cooked to 158°F that is either OGF or CONVF, but will be coded and labeled to ensure blinding. Kinetics (measures over time) and untargeted and targeted metabolomics (an advance analytical technique to measure 1000's of molecules in a single sample) will be used as a tool to differentiate potential health impacts of the separate meal tests to investigate the influence of organic grass-fed beef versus conventionally-fed beef consumption on fasting and postprandial responses in healthy adults. The investigators expect to identify an array of metabolic differences between beef samples and will identify known impacts of those differences on health to provide a substantive comparison and provide a foundation for future research. Metabolomic and Lipidomic analysis: When all samples have been collected, the serum samples will be thawed, and a metabolite fraction will be extracted. After extraction, the samples will be explored using mass spectrometry analysis. An initial targeted analysis will focus on bile acids, lipids, and amino acids. Targeted analytes will be quantified using standard curves and the resulting concentrations will be compared using several statistical analysis tools. Metabolite samples will be analyzed using a Waters Synapt G2Si QTOF (Waters Corporation). This instrument has ion mobility capability and can differentiate closely related compounds, such as bile acids, in complex mixtures based on their cross-sectional area and mass. The high sensitivity and variety of scan modes make the Synapt QTOF the optimal choice for untargeted analysis of complex biological samples. Dietary analysis: This study will use the most recent version (2018) of the web-based Diet History Questionnaire (DHQ III), a food frequency questionnaire designed for adults 19 and older, developed by staff at the Risk Factor Monitoring and Methods Branch (RFMMB) of the NIH National Cancer Institute. The outputs of the DHQ III include carbohydrate constituents, carotenoids and tocopherols, dietary constituents from supplements, fats, fatty acids and cholesterol, macronutrients and energy, minerals, protein constituents, and vitamins are dietary constituents and food groups available in the DHQ III output files. In addition, acute dietary consumption will be determined using the free, web-based Automated Self-Administered 24-hour (ASA24®) questionnaire.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALConventional-fed beef
Participants in the conventional-fed treatment of the study will consume a conventional-fed steak meal for breakfast one morning.
BEHAVIORALOrganic grass-fed beef
Participants in the organic grass-fed treatment of the study will consume a organic grass-fed steak meal for breakfast one morning.
Sponsors
Organic Advisory and Education Council
Montana State University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
CROSSOVER
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
DOUBLE (Subject, Investigator)
Masking description
Double (Participant, Investigator) Organic grass-fed and conventional-fed steak meals were designed to be comparable in size, taste and appearance. The steaks are cut, measured in terms of size and appearance and coded prior to receipt by the research team. Randomization is for order of coded steaks.
Intervention model description
The design is 2 x 2 crossover design, where the healthy adults will be randomized into Organic grass-fed and conventional-fed conditions for the first round of data collection and then crossover to the other condition for the second round of data collection.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 45 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Adults 18-45 years old; equal numbers male and female * Body mass index between 18-27 kg/m\^2.
Exclusion criteria
* Allergy to red meat * Pregnant or Lactating * Taking cholesterol, lipid-lowering, or anti-inflammatory medication(s) * Antibiotic Use within the past 90 days. * Existing gallbladder condition or gallbladder removal * Other health concerns or conditions that may interfere with study participation
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Postprandial Serum Lipids | 1 day | Concentration of postprandial serum triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, cholesterol (mM) |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | 1 day | Concentration of postprandial serum inflammatory cytokine responses (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-(IL)1beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, interferon-gamma, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; all in pg/ml) |
| Postprandial Serum Glucose | 1 day | Serum glucose concentration (mM) |
| Postprandial Serum Insulin | 1 day | Serum insulin concentration (microIU/mL) |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Organic Grass-fed Beef, Then Conventional-fed Beef Participants receive an organic grass-fed steak meal in the morning. After a washout period of at least 7 days, they then receive the alternative meal, conventional-fed steak meal in the morning.
Conventional-fed beef: Participants in the conventional-fed treatment of the study will consume a conventional-fed steak meal for breakfast one morning.
Organic grass-fed beef: Participants in the organic grass-fed treatment of the study will consume a organic grass-fed steak meal for breakfast one morning. | 5 |
| Conventional-fed Beef, Then Organic Grass-fed Beef Participants receive a conventional-fed steak meal in the morning. After a washout period of at least 7 days, they then receive the alternative meal, an organic grass-fed steak meal in the morning.
Conventional-fed beef: Participants in the conventional-fed treatment of the study will consume a conventional-fed steak meal for breakfast one morning.
Organic grass-fed beef: Participants in the organic grass-fed treatment of the study will consume a organic grass-fed steak meal for breakfast one morning. | 5 |
| Total | 10 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Organic Grass-fed Beef, Then Conventional-fed Beef | Total | Conventional-fed Beef, Then Organic Grass-fed Beef |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 23.6 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.7 | 26.3 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.93 | 29 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.31 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 3 Participants | 8 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 5 Participants | 10 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment United States | 5 participants | 10 participants | 5 participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 1 Participants | 4 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 4 Participants | 6 Participants | 2 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Postprandial Serum Lipids
Concentration of postprandial serum triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins, cholesterol (mM)
Time frame: 1 day
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 4 | 1.16 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.62 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 3 | 1.46 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.19 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 1 | 0.99 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.52 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 4 | 1.45 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 0 | 1.46 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.21 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 0 | 3.92 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.04 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 3 | 1.14 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.61 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 1 | 3.97 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.023 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 1 | 1.45 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 2 | 3.97 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.08 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 2 | 1.009 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.53 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 3 | 3.97 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 2 | 1.46 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.23 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 4 | 3.85 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 1.06 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 0 | 1.01 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 4 | 3.84 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.78 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 0 | 0.94 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 1 | 0.97 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.43 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 2 | 1.09 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.48 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 3 | 1.27 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.71 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Triglycerides Hour 4 | 1.26 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 0 | 1.38 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 1 | 1.41 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 2 | 1.38 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.13 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 3 | 1.39 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.17 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | HDL Hour 4 | 1.37 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.16 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 0 | 3.74 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 1 | 3.84 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 2 | 3.81 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.85 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Lipids | Cholesterol Hour 3 | 3.84 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.79 |
Secondary
Postprandial Serum Glucose
Serum glucose concentration (mM)
Time frame: 1 day
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 1 | 5.19 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.69 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 3 | 5.38 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.82 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 2 | 5.21 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.63 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 4 | 5.44 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.74 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 0 | 5.52 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 4 | 5.37 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 0 | 5.41 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.81 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 1 | 5.06 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.76 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 2 | 5.17 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.72 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Glucose | Hour 3 | 5.34 mmol/L | Standard Deviation 0.86 |
Secondary
Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines
Concentration of postprandial serum inflammatory cytokine responses (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-(IL)1beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, interferon-gamma, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor; all in pg/ml)
Time frame: 1 day
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 0 | 7.55 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 9.24 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 1 | 17.62 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 5.37 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 2 | 18.35 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 6.38 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 3 | 17.14 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 5.57 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 4 | 17.08 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 7.21 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 0 | 6.64 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.07 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 1 | 6.76 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.8 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 2 | 6.8 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 1.93 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 3 | 6.7 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.35 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 4 | 6.84 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 3.21 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 0 | 17.84 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 5.57 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 1 | 8.44 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 9.98 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 2 | 8.73 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 11.46 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 3 | 8.38 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 11.76 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 4 | 6.87 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 7.91 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 0 | 71.55 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 45.54 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 1 | 76.79 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 52.01 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 2 | 79.11 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 58.3 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 3 | 73.83 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 57.94 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 4 | 67.50 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 58.54 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 0 | 76.02 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 31.58 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 1 | 80.16 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 33.65 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 2 | 82.41 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 40.2 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 3 | 74.20 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 34.27 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 4 | 73.59 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 40.4 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 0 | 957.70 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 402.55 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 1 | 989.14 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 434.31 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 2 | 1042.90 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 549.85 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 3 | 949.10 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 517.76 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 4 | 917.97 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 646.34 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 0 | 343.49 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 232.4 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 1 | 376.34 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 264.81 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 2 | 391.97 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 298.69 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 3 | 354.88 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 249.63 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 4 | 375.96 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 282.53 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 0 | 67.14 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 38.25 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 1 | 61.46 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 34.62 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 2 | 58.72 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 30.09 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 3 | 57.47 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 32.08 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 4 | 58.86 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 38.67 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 2 | 59.76 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 35.88 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 0 | 17.65 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 5.92 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 0 | 77.59 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 36.29 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 1 | 17.69 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 6.12 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 0 | 363.51 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 258.16 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 2 | 17.27 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 5.29 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 1 | 81.01 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 44.62 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 3 | 17.87 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 5.9 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 0 | 64.29 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 37.73 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | TNFa Hour 4 | 17.59 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 7.82 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 2 | 78.43 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 31.96 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 0 | 6.89 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.08 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 1 | 402.29 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 318.26 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 1 | 6.69 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.31 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 3 | 86.14 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 39.63 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 2 | 6.70 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 4 | 61.99 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 34.27 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 3 | 6.64 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.25 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-17 Hour 4 | 85.76 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 44.09 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-1b Hour 4 | 6.93 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 2.74 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 2 | 357.08 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 214.32 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 0 | 7.69 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 11 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 0 | 1020.18 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 571.19 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 1 | 7.47 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 10.18 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 1 | 59.62 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 33.01 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 2 | 6.90 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 7.41 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 1 | 1051.23 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 614.26 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 3 | 8.44 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 11.47 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 3 | 399.32 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 287.39 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-6 Hour 4 | 8.07 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 11.1 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 2 | 1039.69 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 473.53 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 0 | 72.67 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 54.5 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | GMCSF Hour 3 | 60.98 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 32.21 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 1 | 73.28 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 52.87 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 3 | 1045.52 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 547.79 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 2 | 72.56 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 51.45 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | INF Hour 4 | 405.13 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 316.27 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 3 | 76.40 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 60.46 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-23 Hour 4 | 1037.87 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 658.14 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Inflammatory Cytokines | IL-10 Hour 4 | 74.45 pg/ml | Standard Deviation 59.98 |
Secondary
Postprandial Serum Insulin
Serum insulin concentration (microIU/mL)
Time frame: 1 day
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 0 | 8.99 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 7.48 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 3 | 16.28 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 29.04 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 2 | 12.60 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 7.68 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 4 | 9.97 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 18.19 |
| Organic Grass-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 1 | 13.95 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 9.2 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 4 | 9.58 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 10.1 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 0 | 6.28 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 3.92 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 1 | 15.08 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 8.29 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 2 | 12.307 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 8.65 |
| Conventional-fed Beef | Postprandial Serum Insulin | Hour 3 | 8.95 microIU/mL | Standard Deviation 5.94 |