Work-Related Condition
Conditions
Keywords
Correction Officers
Brief summary
The investigators will implement a multifaceted Target Education Campaign (TEC) within the three jails about recognizing early psychotic symptoms and referring to the Correctional Health Services. This campaign will include print materials and targeted trainings for Correction Officers. To develop all aspects of the TEC, the investigators will convene a workgroup, meeting biweekly for the first 6 months, including the entire investigative team, as well as experts at the Center for Practice Innovations (CPI). Depending on the nature of agreed-upon educational materials, the investigators will use specific areas of expertise at CPI for development. Materials will provide specific, actionable, and persuasive messaging about: (1) how to identify select signs of psychosis, (2) how to refer to the Specialized Early Engagement Support Service (SEESS) (in year 2), and (3) the effectiveness of early treatment through coordinated specialty care for early psychosis. Messaging will be continuous in the three jails.
Detailed description
Because Correction Officers in the three jails of interest are critically positioned to influence pathways to care, print materials will be supplemented with professional outreach and education by the SEESS. Roll-call is the approved venue by which all ongoing education happens for Correction Officers. Roll-calls take place at the beginning of each shift (7am, 3pm, 11pm) every day of the week in the same location and last \ 15 - 20 minutes; all staff starting that shift attend. During roll-call, brief messages (2-3 minutes) will be delivered by the Controlling Captains, which is the standard practice for communicating important information to Correction Officers. Both daytime and overnight shifts will receive the targeted training for the 24 months of the TEC. The investigators will collect pre-TEC (baseline) and during-TEC (at 6 months and 12 months) data from Correction Officers through brief surveys, which will be used to test changes in mean scores for knowledge, behavioral expectations, and self-efficacy, which are three key constructs from Social Cognitive Theory.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALTargeted Educational Campaign
Correction Officers will be exposed to the Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) with the aim to increase their knowledge about the early symptoms of psychosis, and how to make a referral to the Correction Health Services staff, their self-efficacy to detect symptoms of psychosis and make referrals, and their expectations about their ability to be successful in making that referral (and for referrals to result in beneficial outcomes). Correction Officers will be approached and recruited during roll call and in the staff canteen where they take their meal breaks, or at a time/location agreed upon by the Department of Correction, to complete brief surveys at three different times; pre-exposure, after 6 months, and after 12 months from the beginning of the TEC.
Sponsors
Vera Institute of Justice
University of Illinois at Chicago
University of South Florida
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Columbia University
Study design
Allocation
NA
Intervention model
SEQUENTIAL
Primary purpose
HEALTH_SERVICES_RESEARCH
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Feasibility and Acceptability Study
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
21 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Correction Officers; * over the age of 21
Exclusion criteria
* children under the age of 21 years
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Correction Officers' Knowledge at Baseline | Baseline | Survey-based scores on knowledge/skills at baseline. To measure behavioral capability (knowledge/skills), the investigators used the Correction Officers' Behavioral Capability Scale, which has a minimum value of 0 and maximum value of 10. Higher scores mean better knowledge about psychosis and therefore a better outcome. |
| Correction Officers' Knowledge at 6 Months | 6 months | Survey-based scores on knowledge/skills at 6-months. To measure behavioral capability (knowledge/skills), the investigators used the Correction Officers' Behavioral Capability Scale, which has a minimum value of 0 and maximum value of 10. Higher scores mean better knowledge about psychosis and therefore a better outcome. |
| Correction Officers' Knowledge at 12 Months | 12 months | Survey-based scores on knowledge/skills at 12-months. To measure behavioral capability (knowledge/skills), the investigators used the Correction Officers' Behavioral Capability Scale, which has a minimum value of 0 and maximum value of 10. Higher scores mean better knowledge about psychosis and therefore a better outcome. |
| Correction Officers' Behavioral Expectations at Baseline | Baseline | Survey-based scores on behavioral expectations at baseline. To measure expectation, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Expectations Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
| Correction Officers' Behavioral Expectations at 6 Months | 6 months | Survey-based scores on behavioral expectations at 6-months To measure expectation, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Expectations Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
| Correction Officers' Behavioral Expectations at 12 Months | 12 months | Survey-based scores on behavioral expectations at 12 months. To measure expectation, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Expectations Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
| Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy at Baseline | Baseline | Survey-based scores on self-efficacy at baseline. To measure self-efficacy, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
| Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy at 6 Months | 6 months | Survey-based scores on self-efficacy at 6-months. To measure self-efficacy, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
| Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy at 12 Months | 12 months | Survey-based scores on self-efficacy at 12-months. To measure self-efficacy, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Recruitment of the study sample took place in 3 jails on Rikers Island in New York City (NYC): Anna M. Kross Center (AMKC), Rose M. Singer Center (RMSC), and the Robert N. Davoren Complex (RNDC).
Pre-assignment details
Correction officers (COs) were recruited at each of the 3 time points, baseline, 6 months and 12 months, but did not overlap (different COs at each time point) so the recruitment information will not report on a total # enrolled on a continuum (i.e., total number at the beginning, and then how many moved on to 6 months and to 12 months).
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers The investigators will implement a Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) within 3 jails at New York City's Rikers Island. The TEC is designed to lead to referrals of detainees (previously not detected as having potential mental health concerns) to Correctional Health Services (CHS) by Correction Officers.
Targeted Educational Campaign: Correction Officers will be exposed to the Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) with the aim to increase their knowledge about the early symptoms of psychosis, and how to make a referral to the Correction Health Services staff, their self-efficacy to detect symptoms of psychosis and make referrals, and their expectations about their ability to be successful in making that referral (and for referrals to result in beneficial outcomes).
Correction Officers will be approached and recruited during roll call and in the staff canteen where they take their meal breaks, or at a time/location agreed upon by the Department of Correction, to complete brief surveys at three different times; pre-exposure, after 6 months, and after 12 months from the beginning of the TEC. | 451 |
| Total | 451 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers |
|---|---|
| Age, Customized COs Recruited at 12 months | 35.0 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.4 |
| Age, Customized COs Recruited at 6 months | 36.1 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 6.4 |
| Age, Customized COs Recruited at Baseline | 34.2 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 8 |
| Educational Attainment 12th grade or less | 19 Participants |
| Educational Attainment Completed college | 277 Participants |
| Educational Attainment Graduate training after college | 28 Participants |
| Educational Attainment Some college | 114 Participants |
| Educational Attainment Unknown | 13 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 185 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 266 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Location of Enrollment Jail A | 193 Participants |
| Location of Enrollment Jail B | 176 Participants |
| Location of Enrollment Jail C | 82 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 22 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 258 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 125 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 46 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 262 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 189 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk |
|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 0 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 0 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 0 |
Outcome results
Primary
Correction Officers' Behavioral Expectations at 12 Months
Survey-based scores on behavioral expectations at 12 months. To measure expectation, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Expectations Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: 12 months
Population: Only 128 Correction Officers (COs) completed this survey at 12 months and therefore data exists for only 128 COs.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers | Correction Officers' Behavioral Expectations at 12 Months | 21.7 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.7 |
Primary
Correction Officers' Behavioral Expectations at 6 Months
Survey-based scores on behavioral expectations at 6-months To measure expectation, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Expectations Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: 6 months
Population: Only 123 Correction Officers (COs) completed this survey at 6 months and therefore data exists for only 123 COs.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers | Correction Officers' Behavioral Expectations at 6 Months | 23.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
Primary
Correction Officers' Behavioral Expectations at Baseline
Survey-based scores on behavioral expectations at baseline. To measure expectation, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Expectations Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Only 200 Correction Officers (COs) completed this survey at baseline and therefore data exists for only 200 COs.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers | Correction Officers' Behavioral Expectations at Baseline | 21.6 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.1 |
Primary
Correction Officers' Knowledge at 12 Months
Survey-based scores on knowledge/skills at 12-months. To measure behavioral capability (knowledge/skills), the investigators used the Correction Officers' Behavioral Capability Scale, which has a minimum value of 0 and maximum value of 10. Higher scores mean better knowledge about psychosis and therefore a better outcome.
Time frame: 12 months
Population: Only 128 Correction Officers (COs) completed this survey at 12 months and therefore data exists for only 128 COs.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers | Correction Officers' Knowledge at 12 Months | 5.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.9 |
Primary
Correction Officers' Knowledge at 6 Months
Survey-based scores on knowledge/skills at 6-months. To measure behavioral capability (knowledge/skills), the investigators used the Correction Officers' Behavioral Capability Scale, which has a minimum value of 0 and maximum value of 10. Higher scores mean better knowledge about psychosis and therefore a better outcome.
Time frame: 6 months
Population: Only 123 Correction Officers (COs) completed this survey at 6 months and therefore data exists for only 123 COs.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers | Correction Officers' Knowledge at 6 Months | 7.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.4 |
Primary
Correction Officers' Knowledge at Baseline
Survey-based scores on knowledge/skills at baseline. To measure behavioral capability (knowledge/skills), the investigators used the Correction Officers' Behavioral Capability Scale, which has a minimum value of 0 and maximum value of 10. Higher scores mean better knowledge about psychosis and therefore a better outcome.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Only 200 Correction Officers (COs) completed this survey at baseline and therefore data exists for only 200 COs.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers | Correction Officers' Knowledge at Baseline | 6.3 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
Primary
Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy at 12 Months
Survey-based scores on self-efficacy at 12-months. To measure self-efficacy, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: 12 months
Population: Only 128 Correction Officers (COs) completed this survey at 12 months and therefore data exists for only 128 COs.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers | Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy at 12 Months | 24.5 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.7 |
Primary
Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy at 6 Months
Survey-based scores on self-efficacy at 6-months. To measure self-efficacy, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: 6 months
Population: Only 123 Correction Officers (COs) completed this survey at 6 months and therefore data exists for only 123 COs.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers | Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy at 6 Months | 27.4 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
Primary
Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy at Baseline
Survey-based scores on self-efficacy at baseline. To measure self-efficacy, the investigators used the Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy Scale, which has a minimum value of 8 and a maximum value of 32. Higher scores mean a better outcome.
Time frame: Baseline
Population: Only 200 Correction Officers (COs) completed this survey at baseline and therefore data exists for only 200 COs.
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Targeted Educational Campaign (TEC) for Correction Officers | Correction Officers' Self-Efficacy at Baseline | 26.8 units on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.4 |