Airway Complication of Anesthesia, Anesthesia Intubation Complication, Intubation; Difficult or Failed, Muscle Relaxation
Conditions
Keywords
parotid surgery, muscle relaxants, airway management, neuromonitoring
Brief summary
Neuromuscular blockers provide muscle relaxation by blocking the electrical conduction to motor nerves and facilitate endotracheal tube placement while relaxing the whole body for surgical comfort during general anesthesia. Parotid surgery is a procedure performed by ear, nose and throat physicians, and as a complication during this procedure, permanent facial paralysis may develop due to damage to the facial nerve. Intraoperative nerve monitoring is frequently used to avoid this complication. The application of local anesthetic to the vocal cords and into the trachea has been tried and found useful for induction of anesthesia without the use of neuromuscular blockers. In studies conducted with this technique, a standard local anesthetic dose was not specified and local anesthetics were generally administered alone and in high doses. It is expected that anesthesia induction and intubation without the use of muscle relaxants will not affect the comfort of the patient and the procedure, but will increase the surgical time and surgical satisfaction.
Detailed description
A general anesthesia technique is required, which will not only facilitate tracheal intubation during anesthesia but also minimize complications that may develop during and after surgery and/or anesthesia without the neuromuscular blocker effect. For this purpose; Induction techniques can be used without the use of muscle relaxants, which will affect the hemodynamic response less. By applying muscle relaxants, its effect can be expected to disappear completely during surgery, or muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine, which are very short-acting, can be used. However, the use of succinylcholine has almost ceased to be used clinically due to anaphylaxis, severe post-operative muscle pain, increased serum potassium levels, rarely prolonged effects, and other cardiovascular side effects that may develop. Sugammadex, which has recently entered clinical use, can be used to reverse the effect of muscle relaxants. After induction, it is necessary to use high doses of sugammadex to immediately reverse the muscle relaxant effect. Waiting for the effects of muscle relaxants to pass, especially in surgical procedures that require neuromonitoring, prolongs the surgical time. This again leads to high costs. The application of local anesthetic to the vocal cords and into the trachea has been tried and found useful for induction of anesthesia without the use of neuromuscular blockers. In studies conducted with this technique, a standard local anesthetic dose was not specified and local anesthetics were generally administered alone and in high doses. Therefore, local anesthetic administered together with the inhalation agent during induction may provide better comfort during tracheal intubation. It is expected that anesthesia induction and intubation without the use of muscle relaxants will not affect the comfort of the patient and the procedure, but will increase the surgical time and surgical satisfaction.
Interventions
PROCEDUREGroup A - Muscle Relaxants Used
Induction will be achieved with 1 mg/kg lidocaine, 2 μg/kg fentanyl, 2 mg/kg propofol, and 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium stored at 4 degrees. After the induction, laryngoscopy will be performed with a Macintosh laryngoscope after 2 minutes of manual ventilation after muscle relaxant by an anesthesiologist with at least 4 years of experience. It will be intubated with a tube with an inner diameter of 8 mm for men and 7 mm for women. The cuff of the intubation tube will be connected to a manometer and inflated at a pressure of 20-30 mmHg until there is no air leak. Intubation will be confirmed by the appearance of end-tidal CO2.
PROCEDUREGroup B - No Muscle Relaxants
Induction will be provided with 1 mg/kg lidocaine, 2 μg/kg fentanyl, 2 mg/kg propofol. After ventilation, vocal cords will be seen with a Macintosh laryngoscope, and 2cc of 2% lidocaine will be applied to the vocal cords as a spray with the help of a 5 ml injector. After ventilation, laryngoscopy will be performed with a Macintosh laryngoscope by an anesthesiologist with at least 4 years of experience. It will be intubated with a tube with an inner diameter of 8 mm for men and 7 mm for women. The cuff of the intubation tube will be connected to a manometer and inflated at a pressure of 20-30 mmHg until there is no air leak. Intubation will be confirmed by the appearance of end-tidal CO2.
Sponsors
Bezmialem Vakif University
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
SCREENING
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Masking description
Before the operation, the appropriate anesthesia approach will be selected for the randomized patient group and anesthesia management will be performed according to the selected group. The surgeon who will perform the operation will perform the operation without knowing which method is chosen.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to 65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* ASA 1-2 * Age between 18-65y * Mallampati 1-2 * Patients who will undergo elective paratidectomy
Exclusion criteria
* History of head and neck surgery * Body mass index less than 19 or greater than 30 * Muscle relaxant allergy * Lidocaine allergy * IDS score \>5 * Patients whose hunger is not suitable * Uncontrolled hypertension, bronchial asthma, tracheal pathology * undergoing emergency surgery * Cases that cannot give informed consent
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Difficulty of Intubation | during intubation after induction of anesthesia | The intubation difficulty scale (IDS) of patients will be used to determine the difficulty of intubation during laryngoscopy, and the Helbo-Hansen scoring system-Steyn Modification will be used to determine the quality of laryngoscopy. Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS) score, which is a function of seven parameters, resulting in a progressive, quantitative determination of intubation complexity. intubation difficulty may be defined as a measure of the degree of divergence from a predefined ideal intubation, i.e., one performed without effort, on the first attempt, practiced by one operator, using one technique, with full visualization of the laryngeal aperture and vocal cords abducted. Such an intubation is accorded an IDS value of 0. Each variation from this defined ideal intubation increases the degree of difficulty, the overall score being the sum of all variations from this definition. Impossible intubation is defined by infinity (IDS =\[infinity\]). |
| Difficulty of Laryngoscopy | during intubation after induction of anesthesia | The Helbo-Hansen scoring system-Steyn Modification will be used to determine the quality of laryngoscopy. Helbo-Hensen et al. with Steyn modification includes five criteria; ease of laryngoscopy, degree of coughing, position of vocal cords, jaw relaxation, and limb movement and graded on a 4-point scale.Total score of 5 will considere to be excellent, 6-10 good, 11-15 poor, and 16-20 bad. Total scores will divide into clinically acceptable and not acceptable scores (total score ≤ 10 acceptable, \>10 unacceptable). |
| Number of Intubation Attempts | during intubation after induction of anesthesia] | The number of intubation attempts between both groups will be recorded. that patients are intubated will be confirmed by the presence of end tidal carbon dioxide. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Sore throat | up to 24 hours postoperative period | Sore throat of the patients was evaluated as present or absent at the postoperative 30th minute, 2,6 and 24 hours by the patient. |
| Dysphagia | up to 24 hours postoperative period | Dysphagia of the patients was evaluated as present or absent at the postoperative 30th minute, 2,6 and 24 hours by the patient. |
| Laryngospasm | up to 24 hours postoperative period | Laryngospasm of the patients was evaluated as present or absent at the postoperative 30th minute, 2,6 and 24 hours by the patient. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed