Chronic Pain, Depression
Conditions
Keywords
Chronic pain, Depression, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, Acceptance and commitment therapy
Brief summary
Veterans with comorbid chronic pain and depression are highly prevalent, have poor functional status and low quality of life, are at increased risk of suicide and lack access to effective treatments. To address this problem, the proposed research will examine the feasibility of a novel approach that integrates repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with the overall goal of maximizing functional improvement in Veterans with chronic pain and depression. This is an important first-step in preparation for a future randomized efficacy trial. The investigators will also include two cognitive control tasks with concurrent electroencephalography to explore as a potential objective indicator of treatment response. This application addresses a critical need within the Veterans Health Administration and is closely aligned with the focus area of developing suicide prevention treatments that influence participation in life roles.
Detailed description
Comorbid depression is highly prevalent in Veterans with chronic pain and contributes to greater pain severity, functional impairment, and suicide risk relative to those with chronic pain alone. Despite the well-known association between chronic pain and depression, current treatments fall short of producing meaningful improvements in function and quality of life in this population. In this application, the investigators propose to address this problem by a novel intervention that combines repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). ACT is an evidence-based psychosocial intervention that improves function in Veterans with chronic pain. However, similar to the broader literature, comorbid depression significantly limits the efficacy of ACT, which may be directly related to dysfunctional brain circuits that maintain depression. rTMS is a non-invasive brain stimulation intervention that is FDA-cleared for the treatment of depression. The most commonly targeted stimulation area is the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC), a prefrontal brain region involved in cognitive control and emotion regulation. rTMS over the left DLPFC has also been used to reduce pain intensity in patients with chronic pain, as the DLPFC is implicated in the affective processing of painful stimuli. Importantly, while rTMS has been shown to reduce depression severity and pain intensity, it does not directly address function. Thus, the proposed research will integrate rTMS and ACT with the goal of maximizing functional improvement in Veterans with chronic pain and depression. The purpose of this application is to examine the feasibility of a future randomized efficacy trial. A total of 24 Veterans with chronic pain and depression will be randomized into DLPFC-rTMS + ACT or sham-rTMS + ACT conditions. Multiple metrics of feasibility will be assessed, including general interest in the study, willingness to participate, enrollment, retention, drop-out, number of adverse events, and participant blindness to condition, as well as ratings of credibility, expectation, and treatment satisfaction. The investigators will also estimate the preliminary impact of DLPFC-rTMS + ACT and sham-rTMS + ACT on function as measured by reductions in pain interference (primary clinical outcome). The intent of preliminary analyses is to obtain an additional indicator for a future large-scale trial, not to verify group differences. Further, the investigators will include two cognitive control tasks, the Emotion Distractor and Attention-to-Breath tasks, with concurrent EEG recording as a potential objective indicator of treatment response. The study team has previously demonstrated the association between depression severity and DLPFC activity on these tasks. In the proposed study, the investigators will explore the associations between treatment-related change in DLPFC activity and treatment outcomes. Veterans with chronic pain and depression do not have access to effective treatments. To address this need, the investigators seek to examine the feasibility of a novel approach by integrating a somatic and a psychosocial intervention. The investigator's scientific premise is that rTMS over the left DLPFC will remediate hypofunction of prefrontal brain circuits that is necessary to maximize the impact of ACT on function in Veterans with chronic pain and depression. Findings from the proposed research have the potential of substantially increasing the physical and psychosocial functioning of Veterans with chronic pain and depression.
Interventions
DEVICERepetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
rTMS is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique designed to alter network function
BEHAVIORALAcceptance and Commitment Therapy
ACT is a mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral intervention that has demonstrated efficacy for chronic pain.
Sponsors
VA Office of Research and Development
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
SINGLE (Subject)
Intervention model description
Randomized Controlled Trial
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
* Diagnosis of a chronic, non-terminal pain condition (pain most days for at least 6 months) * Average pain intensity and interference with enjoyment of life and/or general activity rated \> 4/10 over the past week, as measured by the PEG * Meet clinical criteria for major depression via DSM5 criteria, as assessed by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)
Exclusion criteria
* Serious or unstable medical illness (e.g., cardiovascular disease) * Lifetime history of psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder * Active substance abuse or psychosocial instability (e.g., homelessness) that could compromise study participation * Changes to professionally delivered pain or mood treatment (e.g., no discontinuation of a treatment; no increasing the dose of medication) one month preceding the baseline assessment * Significant neurologic disorder, increased risk of seizure for any reason or family/personal history of seizure * Contraindications to rTMS treatment as outlined by the Safety of TMS Consensus group, which includes implanted metallic objects above the neck, implanted electrical devices (pacemakers/spinal cord stimulators), and pregnancy * Prior trial of rTMS for any condition and/or lack of responsiveness to electroconvulsive therapy
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| PROMIS Pain Interference Change | Baseline, weekly during ACT intervention, 9 weeks (post-treatment) for total of 10 timepoints | The PROMIS Pain Interference questionnaire consists of 8-items that assess the degree to which pain interferes with various aspects of life, including mobility, social activity, and mood. Items are scored on a 1 ("Not at all") to 5 ("Very much") scale with a range of 8 - 40. These scores are subsequently transcribed to a T-score. PROMIS measures are reported as standardized T-scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate greater pain interference. A 10-point difference represents one standard deviation from the reference population mean. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Change | Baseline, weekly during ACT intervention, 9 weeks (post-treatment) for total of 10 timepoints | The PHQ-9 is a widely used measure of depressive symptoms. Items are scored on a 0 ("not at all") to 3 ("Nearly every day") scale with a range of 0 - 27. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity. |
| PROMIS Pain Intensity Change | Baseline, weekly during ACT intervention, 9 weeks (post-treatment) for total of 10 timepoints | The PROMIS Pain Intensity questionnaire consists of 3 items assessing worst and average pain over the past week, as well as current pain. Items are scored on a 1 ("No pain") to 5 ("Very severe") scale with a range of 3 - 15. Total scores are subsequently converted to T-scores. PROMIS measures are reported as standardized T-scores with a population mean of 50 and standard deviation of 10. Higher scores indicate greater pain intensity. A 10-point difference represents one standard deviation from the reference population mean. |
Countries
United States
Contacts
PRINCIPAL_INVESTIGATORMatthew Herbert, PhD
VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
Participant flow
Recruitment details
Enrollment began in May 2023 and concluded in February 2025. Participants were recruited via study flyer and referral from the Neuromodulation Program, Mental Health, Behavioral Medicine, and Primary Care clinics at VA San Diego Healthcare System.
Pre-assignment details
Of the 31 participants that met initial screening criteria and completed informed consent procedures, 5 were excluded following the psychiatric diagnostic interview, 3 declined to participate, and 4 were lost to follow-up. This left a total of 19 participants that were randomized to treatment.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | — |
|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 43.00 Years of age STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.61 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 0 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 9 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 3 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 1 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 2 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 12 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Female | 4 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Male | 6 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 10 | 0 / 9 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 6 / 10 | 7 / 9 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 10 | 0 / 9 |
Outcome results
None listed