Chronic Pain
Conditions
Keywords
pain, children, coping
Brief summary
Biological, psychological, and social factors all influence a child's sense of pain. Pain beliefs can have a significant impact on a person's perception of pain and adherence to treatment. As a result, pain management requires a thorough examination of the factors that influence pain perception. Coping is a cognitive and behavioral response to conditions and threats based on by personal or environmental factors. Children who do not have adequate coping mechanisms suffer from more severe pain. As a result, dealing with pain is a crucial part of pain management. This highlights the need of assessing pain coping in children when treating chronic pain. The purpose of this study is to show that the Turkish version of the Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ), which assesses children's pain coping techniques, is valid and reliable, as well as to ensure that it is culturally appropriate.
Detailed description
Pain is a biopsychosocial term that comprises sensory, cognitive, and emotional factors. The biological, psychological, and cognitive aspects of pain are all present. Pain symptoms and comorbid symptoms are biological characteristics; anxiety, depression, and rage are psychological characteristics; and the ability to cope, catastrophize, and manage pain are cognitive characteristics. As a result, pain is influenced by a person's past experiences and beliefs. Pain that lasts longer than three months is referred to as chronic pain. A major issue is the high prevalence of chronic pain in children. Children with chronic pain have a lower quality of life than their healthy peers. Furthermore, this effect is unrelated to the degree of biological damage. Some children are more sensitive to pain than others, regardless of the severity of the condition. Because psychological, cognitive, and social variables influence an individual's perception of pain in addition to biological tissue damage. The use of coping techniques in children varies based on the diagnosis, age, and gender of the child, according to the literature. Inadequate coping techniques are linked to a lower quality of life and increased pain severity. As a result, pain assessment in children with chronic pain should be done within a biopsychosocial framework. Various assessments have been developed to assess children's pain tolerating abilities. The Pain Coping Questionnaire (PCQ) was created to evaluate problem-focused, emotional-focused, and avoidance-focused coping strategies in children. It's the most commonly used scale for assessing children's coping techniques. The purpose of this study is to show that the Turkish version of the Pain Coping Questionnaire is valid and reliable (PCQ).
Interventions
None listed
Sponsors
Akdeniz University
Study design
Observational model
CASE_CONTROL
Time perspective
CROSS_SECTIONAL
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
6 Years to 18 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Age between 6 years and 18 years; * Diagnosed with chronic pain. * To have the cognitive ability to answer questions for assessment. * Completing the test-retest assessment. * To be able to read and speak Turkish
Exclusion criteria
* Patients with unmanageable psychological disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autistic spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder) would be excluded from the study. * Patients who started a new treatment during the trial or 6 weeks before to the study for chronic pain. * Those who take analgesics 48 hours prior to study evaluations Inclusion Criteria for Healthy Children: * Healthy children aged 6-18 years old * Children without a psychiatric and neurological diagnosis
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluation of coping strategies | Baseline | Pain Coping Questionnaire: Evaluates the coping strategies of children and adolescents with a total of 39 items in 8 subscale. These are seeking knowledge, problem solving, seeking social support, positive self-suggestion, behavioral distraction, cognitive distraction, externalization, and internalization/catastrophizing. Items are assessed on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 indicating never and 5 indicating very often. Higher ratings indicate higher use of coping strategy. PCQ consists of parent and adolescent form. |
| Evaluation of pain | Baseline | Wong baker faces pain scale: It is a valid and reliable scale preferred by children and their families to evaluate the severity of pain. It consists of 6 facial expressions that symbolize the severity of pain. These show the stages of increased pain from a smiling face (0 points) to a very sad and crying face (10 points). The meaning of each facial expression is carefully explained to the child. Children rate pain intensity according to face shapes. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Evaluation of pain acceptance | Baseline | Pain Flexibility Scale for Children: The scale assesses children's pain acceptance in chronic pain.It has a total of 20 questions divided into two sub-sections: valued activities and pain resistance. Pain resistance examines pain avoidance and control, whereas valued behaviors assesses involvement in meaningful activities despite pain. The scale is a seven-point Likert scale, with 0 indicating total disagreement (never true), and 6 indicating total agreement (Always true). |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed