Anemia, Diet, Healthy
Conditions
Keywords
Senegal, Infant and young child feeding
Brief summary
This project will examine the impact of an infant and young child feeding (IYCF) voice messaging intervention delivered to mothers and fathers in Senegal on the consumption of a minimum acceptable diet and anemia prevalence in their children.
Detailed description
This is a cluster-randomized control trial (cRCT) conducted with 488 mother, father, and child triads in 104 villages in three regions in Senegal: Thies, Diourbel and Fatick. Mothers and fathers in the experimental group will receive 16 voice and text messages over the course of 16 weeks. One voice and 1 text message with the same content will be sent per week over the 16 week period. We will include eight scripted messages which have previously been piloted. We will also include eight unscripted messages from positive deviants from communities similar to our study population that were included in our pilot study. A text message with the same content as the voice message will be sent to each triad mother and father to increase the reach of the intervention. We will conduct baseline and endline assessments of infant and young child feeding practices in both the experimental and control groups. Primary outcomes will include the prevalence of anemia and minimum acceptable diet in children. Minimum acceptable diet is an indicator of dietary diversity and a proxy for nutrient adequacy. Secondary outcomes include the frequency of consuming key foods targeted in the intervention over the previous 7 days and infant and young child feeding indicators of complementary feeding of the child. In addition, infant and young child feeding knowledge, beliefs, and norms (of mothers and fathers in triads) and intentions (of mothers in triads) will be included as secondary outcomes.
Interventions
BEHAVIORALInfant and young child feeding voice messaging intervention
A mobile voice and text messaging intervention aimed at improving IYCF practices will be delivered to mothers and fathers with young children (6-23 months). A total of 16 voice and text message, with the same content, will be sent over a 16-week period (1 voice + 1 text messages (with same content) per week x 16 weeks). Two types of messages will be included: 1) eight scripted and 2) eight unscripted messages from positive deviants. The content of the messages include: breastfeeding until two years of age, consuming a variety of foods within a given meal, the consistency of porridge (thick rather than thin), limiting sweets and fried foods, the importance of animal source foods, consuming vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, consuming leafy greens, handwashing and feeding infants and young children fruits and vegetables produced by the household.
Sponsors
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
PARALLEL
Primary purpose
PREVENTION
Masking
NONE
Masking description
Given the nature of the intervention, it will not be possible to mask the treatment group at endline data collection.
Intervention model description
Cluster-randomized control trial. Please note that enrollment number reflects the number of triads included in the study.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
6 Months to 23 Months
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* Residing in Thies, Diourbel or Fatick regions of Senegal * Household is member of village farming group * Mothers and fathers (or caregivers) that have a child 6-19 months at baseline * Mothers and fathers (or caregivers) that are 18 years or older * Mothers and fathers (or caregivers) have the ability and mental capacity to consent to their participation * Mother/father (or male/female caregivers) have access to mobile phone * Child between 6-19 months at baseline
Exclusion criteria
-Does not meet study inclusion criteria
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Children Who Consume a Minimum Acceptable Diet | At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The minimum acceptable diet indicator will be used to assess diet quality in children. A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator. |
| Anemia Prevalence of Children | At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb \< 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb \< 10 d/dl and severe hb \< 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels. |
| Change in Percentage of Children Consuming a Minimum Acceptable Diet Between Baseline and Endline | Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The change in percentage of children meeting the minimum acceptable diet indicator between baseline and endline will be used to assess diet quality in children. A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator. |
| Change in Percentage of Children With Anemia Between Baseline and Endline | Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | We will use Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb \< 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb \< 10 d/dl and severe hb \< 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels. The change in child anemia prevalence between baseline and endline will be examined (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline\*100). |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Number of Children Consuming Minimum Dietary Diversity | At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The proportion of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) |
| Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The percent change (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline) in the frequency of consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed between baseline and endline. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods. |
| Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The change in percentage of children being fed according to the recommended IYCF practices between baseline and endline. The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit. |
| Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The frequency of the child consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods. |
| Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Dietary Diversity | Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The change in the percentage of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) between baseline and endline. |
| Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The change in percentage of mothers/fathers with specific IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions between baseline and endline will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Mothers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions. |
| Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Meal Frequency Indicator | Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The change in the percentage of children meeting the minimum meal frequency (MMF) indicator between baseline and endline will be assessed. Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months. |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit. The proportion of children being fed according to the detailed descriptions of these indicators will be assessed based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator manual. |
| Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Both mothers and fathers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions. The questions have been pilot tested by the project PI. |
| Number of Children Consuming Minimum Meal Frequency | At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline | Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months) |
Countries
Senegal
Participant flow
Recruitment details
We recruited triads (mother, father and child) for this study. The intervention was delivered to mothers and fathers in the triad and the study outcomes were primarily measured in the child.
Pre-assignment details
The enrollment number reflects the number of triads (child, mother/primary female caregiver, and father/primary male caregiver) that were enrolled in the study. The numbers started and completed reflect the individual child, mother, and father participants.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Control Group The control group will not receive any intervention. After the endline data collection is completed, the intervention will be delivered to the control group. | 455 |
| Control Group The control group will not receive any intervention. After the endline data collection is completed, the intervention will be delivered to the control group. | 52 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention The voice messaging intervention group will receive voice/text messages for a period of 16 weeks.
Infant and young child feeding voice messaging intervention: A mobile voice and text messaging intervention aimed at improving IYCF practices will be delivered to mothers and fathers with young children (6-23 months). A total of 16 voice and text message, with the same content, will be sent over a 16-week period (1 voice + 1 text messages (with same content) per week x 16 weeks). Two types of messages will be included: 1) eight scripted and 2) eight unscripted messages from positive deviants. The content of the messages include: breastfeeding until two years of age, consuming a variety of foods within a given meal, the consistency of porridge (thick rather than thin), limiting sweets and fried foods, the importance of animal source foods, consuming vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, consuming leafy greens, handwashing and feeding infants and young children fruits and vegetables produced by the household. | 632 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention The voice messaging intervention group will receive voice/text messages for a period of 16 weeks.
Infant and young child feeding voice messaging intervention: A mobile voice and text messaging intervention aimed at improving IYCF practices will be delivered to mothers and fathers with young children (6-23 months). A total of 16 voice and text message, with the same content, will be sent over a 16-week period (1 voice + 1 text messages (with same content) per week x 16 weeks). Two types of messages will be included: 1) eight scripted and 2) eight unscripted messages from positive deviants. The content of the messages include: breastfeeding until two years of age, consuming a variety of foods within a given meal, the consistency of porridge (thick rather than thin), limiting sweets and fried foods, the importance of animal source foods, consuming vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables, consuming leafy greens, handwashing and feeding infants and young children fruits and vegetables produced by the household. | 52 |
| Total | 1,191 |
Withdrawals & dropouts
| Period | Reason | FG000 | FG001 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study | Lost to Follow-up | 17 | 18 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Total | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Control Group |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous Child | 11.9 Months of child STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.3 | 11.6 Months of child STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.1 | 12.3 Months of child STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.6 |
| Age, Continuous | 28.15 Years of mother STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.72 | 27.76 Years of mother STANDARD_DEVIATION 7.45 | 28.67 Years of mother STANDARD_DEVIATION 8.06 |
| Animal-source food consumption over past 7 days | 2.65 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.11 | 2.75 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.28 | 2.51 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.86 |
| Bottle feeding 0-23 months Child is bottle fed | 78 Participants | 42 Participants | 36 Participants |
| Bottle feeding 0-23 months Child is not bottle fed | 410 Participants | 241 Participants | 169 Participants |
| Child's mother's highest education level completed Did not attend formal school | 293 Participants | 168 Participants | 125 Participants |
| Child's mother's highest education level completed Primary school | 108 Participants | 66 Participants | 42 Participants |
| Child's mother's highest education level completed Secondary school | 78 Participants | 45 Participants | 33 Participants |
| Child's mother's highest education level completed University | 9 Participants | 4 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Consumption of fried foods over past 7 days | 1.03 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.26 | 0.94 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.13 | 1.17 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 2.42 |
| Consumption of porridge mixed with nutrient-rich food over past 7 days | 3.46 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.4 | 3.35 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.14 | 3.62 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 5.77 |
| Consumption of sugary foods over past 7 days | 3.41 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.35 | 3.41 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.36 | 3.41 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.34 |
| Egg and/or flesh food consumption Consumed eggs and/or flesh foods | 203 Participants | 108 Participants | 95 Participants |
| Egg and/or flesh food consumption Did not consume eggs and/or flesh foods | 285 Participants | 175 Participants | 110 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Agree | 15 Participants | 10 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Disagree | 44 Participants | 31 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 7 Participants | 4 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Strongly agree | 13 Participants | 5 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Strongly disagree | 32 Participants | 16 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Agree | 65 Participants | 42 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Disagree | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 3 Participants | 3 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Strongly agree | 43 Participants | 21 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Strongly disagree | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Agree | 63 Participants | 41 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Disagree | 4 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 5 Participants | 5 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Strongly agree | 38 Participants | 16 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Strongly disagree | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Agree | 48 Participants | 31 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Disagree | 18 Participants | 11 Participants | 7 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 11 Participants | 8 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Strongly agree | 31 Participants | 15 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Strongly disagree | 3 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Agree | 60 Participants | 42 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Disagree | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 5 Participants | 3 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Strongly agree | 46 Participants | 21 Participants | 25 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Strongly disagree | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Agree | 50 Participants | 33 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Disagree | 11 Participants | 8 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 7 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Strongly agree | 36 Participants | 15 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Strongly disagree | 7 Participants | 5 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Agree | 57 Participants | 36 Participants | 21 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Disagree | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 10 Participants | 9 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Strongly agree | 43 Participants | 20 Participants | 23 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Strongly disagree | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Agree | 48 Participants | 31 Participants | 17 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Disagree | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Strongly agree | 61 Participants | 33 Participants | 28 Participants |
| Father's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Strongly disagree | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Frequency of orange fruit and/or vegetable consumption in past 7 days | 4.13 number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.7 | 3.96 number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 3.2 | 4.36 number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 4.24 |
| Leafy green consumption over past 7 days | 0.81 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.79 | 0.77 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.69 | 0.88 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 1.93 |
| Minimum dietary diversity consumed Does not meet minimum dietary diversity | 383 Participants | 224 Participants | 159 Participants |
| Minimum dietary diversity consumed Meets minimum dietary diversity | 104 Participants | 58 Participants | 46 Participants |
| Minimum Meal Frequency Does not meet minimum meal frequency | 328 Participants | 202 Participants | 126 Participants |
| Minimum Meal Frequency Meets minimum meal frequency | 160 Participants | 81 Participants | 79 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Agree | 32 Participants | 22 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Disagree | 193 Participants | 100 Participants | 93 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Strongly agree | 22 Participants | 12 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby Strongly disagree | 239 Participants | 147 Participants | 92 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Agree | 249 Participants | 147 Participants | 102 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Disagree | 7 Participants | 4 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 6 Participants | 3 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Strongly agree | 225 Participants | 128 Participants | 97 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby Strongly disagree | 1 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Agree | 216 Participants | 121 Participants | 95 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Disagree | 21 Participants | 15 Participants | 6 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 37 Participants | 21 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Strongly agree | 212 Participants | 124 Participants | 88 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia Strongly disagree | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Agree | 196 Participants | 111 Participants | 85 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Disagree | 77 Participants | 47 Participants | 30 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 24 Participants | 16 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Strongly agree | 170 Participants | 96 Participants | 74 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development Strongly disagree | 21 Participants | 13 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Agree | 228 Participants | 131 Participants | 97 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Disagree | 4 Participants | 3 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 18 Participants | 8 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Strongly agree | 238 Participants | 141 Participants | 97 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness Strongly disagree | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Agree | 183 Participants | 103 Participants | 80 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Disagree | 62 Participants | 35 Participants | 27 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 35 Participants | 27 Participants | 8 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Strongly agree | 178 Participants | 98 Participants | 80 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes Strongly disagree | 30 Participants | 20 Participants | 10 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Agree | 197 Participants | 111 Participants | 86 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Disagree | 39 Participants | 17 Participants | 22 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 89 Participants | 61 Participants | 28 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Strongly agree | 154 Participants | 86 Participants | 68 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients Strongly disagree | 9 Participants | 8 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Agree | 159 Participants | 90 Participants | 69 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Disagree | 11 Participants | 6 Participants | 5 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 3 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Strongly agree | 307 Participants | 180 Participants | 127 Participants |
| Mother's beliefs regarding infant and young child feeding practices Washing hands with soap before & after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness Strongly disagree | 8 Participants | 5 Participants | 3 Participants |
| Number of children who consume a minimum acceptable diet Consumed minimum acceptable diet (MAD) | 54 Participants | 25 Participants | 29 Participants |
| Number of children who consume a minimum acceptable diet Did not consume minimum acceptable diet (MAD) | 434 Participants | 258 Participants | 176 Participants |
| Prevalence of child anemia Child has anemia | 331 Participants | 192 Participants | 139 Participants |
| Prevalence of child anemia Child has no anemia | 147 Participants | 86 Participants | 61 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity of triad/household Diola | 2 Participants | 0 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity of triad/household Manding/Soce | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity of triad/household Other ethnicity | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity of triad/household Pular/Toucouleur | 19 Participants | 6 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity of triad/household Serere | 114 Participants | 75 Participants | 39 Participants |
| Race/Ethnicity, Customized Ethnicity of triad/household Wolof/Lebou | 341 Participants | 194 Participants | 147 Participants |
| Region of Enrollment Senegal | 488 Participants | 283 Participants | 205 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Child participants Female | 237 Participants | 145 Participants | 92 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Child participants Male | 251 Participants | 138 Participants | 113 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Father participants Female | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Father participants Male | 111 Participants | 66 Participants | 45 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Mother participants Female | 488 Participants | 283 Participants | 205 Participants |
| Sex: Female, Male Mother participants Male | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Sweet beverage consumption Consumed sweet beverage | 227 Participants | 134 Participants | 93 Participants |
| Sweet beverage consumption Did not consume sweet beverage | 261 Participants | 149 Participants | 112 Participants |
| Thick porridge consumption | 9.96 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.5 | 10.93 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.95 | 8.76 Number of times consumed STANDARD_DEVIATION 9.84 |
| Unhealthy food consumption Consumed unhealthy food | 215 Participants | 123 Participants | 92 Participants |
| Unhealthy food consumption Did not consume unhealthy food | 273 Participants | 160 Participants | 113 Participants |
| Zero vegetable or fruit consumption Consumed vegetable and/or fruit | 137 Participants | 88 Participants | 49 Participants |
| Zero vegetable or fruit consumption Did not consume vegetable and/or fruit | 351 Participants | 195 Participants | 156 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk | EG005 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 205 | 0 / 205 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 283 | 0 / 283 | 0 / 66 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 205 | 0 / 205 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 283 | 0 / 283 | 0 / 66 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 205 | 0 / 205 | 0 / 45 | 0 / 283 | 0 / 283 | 0 / 66 |
Outcome results
Primary
Anemia Prevalence of Children
Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb \< 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb \< 10 d/dl and severe hb \< 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: Children in both control and intervention group post intervention implementation. The number of children included in the sample is smaller than the participant flow module given that not all children completed the hemoglobin measurement due to not consenting to it or because the child was not present at the time of data collection.
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Anemia Prevalence of Children | Anemia | 123 Participants |
| Control Group | Anemia Prevalence of Children | No anemia | 47 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Anemia Prevalence of Children | Anemia | 154 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Anemia Prevalence of Children | No anemia | 82 Participants |
p-value: 0.17995% CI: [0.1977, 0.481]Regression, Logistic
p-value: 0.17995% CI: [0.2983, 0.6431]Regression, Logistic
Primary
Change in Percentage of Children Consuming a Minimum Acceptable Diet Between Baseline and Endline
The change in percentage of children meeting the minimum acceptable diet indicator between baseline and endline will be used to assess diet quality in children. A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: Analysis of children in control and intervention group, post-intervention implementation.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Children Consuming a Minimum Acceptable Diet Between Baseline and Endline | 18.5 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Children Consuming a Minimum Acceptable Diet Between Baseline and Endline | 23.7 percent of participants |
Primary
Change in Percentage of Children With Anemia Between Baseline and Endline
We will use Hemocue Hb301 machines to measure hemoglobin levels in children in order to determine anemia prevalence using the WHO cut-offs: mild 10 ≤ hb \< 11 g/dl; moderate 7 ≤ hb \< 10 d/dl and severe hb \< 7 g/dl. A finger prick will be used to obtain a drop of capillary blood that is placed on a cuvette and inserted in the Hemocue machine to obtain an on-the-spot assessment of hemoglobin levels. The change in child anemia prevalence between baseline and endline will be examined (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline\*100).
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: Children in control and intervention group, post-intervention implementation
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Children With Anemia Between Baseline and Endline | 2.9 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Children With Anemia Between Baseline and Endline | -3.8 percent of participants |
Primary
Number of Children Who Consume a Minimum Acceptable Diet
The minimum acceptable diet indicator will be used to assess diet quality in children. A list-based recall will be used to assess dietary intake over the previous day. The 24-hour recall will be used to calculate minimum dietary diversity (MDD) (consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) and minimum meal frequency (MMF) (2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months). Children who meet the thresholds for both MDD and MMF are defined as consuming a MAD, based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: Children in both the control group and the intervention group.
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Number of Children Who Consume a Minimum Acceptable Diet | Consumed minimum acceptable diet (MAD) | 67 Participants |
| Control Group | Number of Children Who Consume a Minimum Acceptable Diet | Did not consume minimum acceptable diet | 138 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Number of Children Who Consume a Minimum Acceptable Diet | Consumed minimum acceptable diet (MAD) | 92 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Number of Children Who Consume a Minimum Acceptable Diet | Did not consume minimum acceptable diet | 191 Participants |
p-value: 0.14595% CI: [0.4276, 2.1485]Regression, Logistic
p-value: 0.14595% CI: [0.43, 2.1742]Regression, Logistic
Secondary
Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Dietary Diversity
The change in the percentage of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables) between baseline and endline.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: We have some missing data for some children. Numbers reported are for endline time point.
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Dietary Diversity | 29.3 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Dietary Diversity | 36.6 percent of participants |
Secondary
Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Meal Frequency Indicator
The change in the percentage of children meeting the minimum meal frequency (MMF) indicator between baseline and endline will be assessed. Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
| Arm | Measure | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Meal Frequency Indicator | 20.5 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Minimum Meal Frequency Indicator | 21.6 percent of participants |
Secondary
Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators
The change in percentage of children being fed according to the recommended IYCF practices between baseline and endline. The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: We have some missing data. In these cases, the sample size is lower than the total sample.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children fed egg and/or flesh food consumption | 13.7 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children fed unhealthy food | 7.3 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children fed sweet beverage consumption | 17.1 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children fed zero vegetable or fruit | -11.7 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children bottle fed | -11.9 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children fed zero vegetable or fruit | -22.3 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children bottle fed | -7.3 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children fed egg and/or flesh food consumption | 21.2 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children fed sweet beverage consumption | 15.6 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Children Meeting Recommended Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Change in percentage of children fed unhealthy food | 11.7 percent of participants |
Secondary
Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions
The change in percentage of mothers/fathers with specific IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions between baseline and endline will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Mothers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: Mother's of children included in study sample. We have some missing data related to mother's IYCF beliefs. For this reason, the sample size is smaller than the whole sample.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (NUMBER) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing leafy greens provide important nutrients | 19.4 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing animal source foods can prevent anemia | 5.7 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding baby multiple times/day is important | 6.8 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding orange fruits/vegetables is important | 1.3 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree that limiting amount of sweet and fried foods | -8.0 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree clear or liquid porridge nourishes baby | -11.7 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree about importance of washing hands | -3.2 percent of participants |
| Control Group | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that believe breast milk nourishes baby after 6 mths | 8.1 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree clear or liquid porridge nourishes baby | -6.3 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree that limiting amount of sweet and fried foods | -10.4 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing animal source foods can prevent anemia | 6.8 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that believe breast milk nourishes baby after 6 mths | 4.6 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree about importance of washing hands | -3.4 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding orange fruits/vegetables is important | 2.9 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding baby multiple times/day is important | 9.2 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing leafy greens provide important nutrients | 16.9 percent of participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree about importance of washing hands | -5.1 percent of participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding baby multiple times/day is important | 18.0 percent of participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding orange fruits/vegetables is important | 1.6 percent of participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree that limiting amount of sweet and fried foods | -0.2 percent of participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree clear or liquid porridge nourishes baby | -16.8 percent of participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that believe breast milk nourishes baby after 6 mths | 3.7 percent of participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing leafy greens provide important nutrients | 2.5 percent of participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing animal source foods can prevent anemia | 4.7 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding baby multiple times/day is important | 25.2 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree feeding orange fruits/vegetables is important | 22.4 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing animal source foods can prevent anemia | 23.7 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agreeing leafy greens provide important nutrients | 21.8 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers strongly agree that limiting amount of sweet and fried foods | 21.0 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that believe breast milk nourishes baby after 6 mths | 13.3 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree about importance of washing hands | 10.4 percent of participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Change in Percentage of Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Change in percentage of mothers/fathers that strongly agree clear or liquid porridge nourishes baby | 18.2 percent of participants |
Secondary
Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days
The frequency of the child consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: We have some missing data for children at endline.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming leafy greens over past 7 days | 2.03 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 2.79 |
| Control Group | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming porridge mixed with nutrient rich foods over past 7 days | 3.47 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 4.49 |
| Control Group | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming animal source foods over past 7 days | 4.40 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 2.94 |
| Control Group | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming sugary foods over the past 7 days | 6.72 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 5.25 |
| Control Group | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming thick porridge over past 7 days | 8.88 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 13.95 |
| Control Group | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming fried foods over the past 7 days | 1.77 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 2.48 |
| Control Group | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming orange fruits and/or vegetables over past 7 days | 4.7 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 2.85 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming fried foods over the past 7 days | 1.69 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 2.52 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming orange fruits and/or vegetables over past 7 days | 4.97 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 2.77 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming animal source foods over past 7 days | 4.55 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 2.93 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming leafy greens over past 7 days | 2.05 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming thick porridge over past 7 days | 9.51 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 14.31 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming porridge mixed with nutrient rich foods over past 7 days | 3.51 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 4.4 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Frequency of Child Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Frequency of consuming sugary foods over the past 7 days | 6.52 Times key foods consumed in past 7 days | Standard Deviation 5.16 |
Secondary
Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators
The WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicators will be used to assess feeding practices. Mothers will be asked about feeding practices as part of the household surveys. The indicators include: ever breastfed, early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusively breastfed for the first two days after birth, bottle feeding 0-23 months, continued breastfeeding 12-23 months, introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods 6-8 months, egg and/or flesh food consumption, sweet beverage consumption, unhealthy food consumption, and zero vegetable or fruit. The proportion of children being fed according to the detailed descriptions of these indicators will be assessed based on the WHO/UNICEF IYCF indicator manual.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: We have missing data for some children at endline leading to a smaller sample size
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Bottle feeding | Yes | 10 Participants |
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Bottle feeding | No | 167 Participants |
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Egg and/or flesh food consumption | Yes | 123 Participants |
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Egg and/or flesh food consumption | No | 82 Participants |
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Sweet beverage consumption | Yes | 93 Participants |
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Sweet beverage consumption | No | 112 Participants |
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Unhealthy food consumption | Yes | 107 Participants |
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Unhealthy food consumption | No | 98 Participants |
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Zero vegetable or fruit consumption | Yes | 25 Participants |
| Control Group | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Zero vegetable or fruit consumption | No | 180 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Unhealthy food consumption | No | 127 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Bottle feeding | Yes | 18 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Sweet beverage consumption | No | 105 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Bottle feeding | No | 221 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Zero vegetable or fruit consumption | No | 258 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Egg and/or flesh food consumption | Yes | 168 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Unhealthy food consumption | Yes | 156 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Egg and/or flesh food consumption | No | 115 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Zero vegetable or fruit consumption | Yes | 25 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Practices Indicators | Sweet beverage consumption | Yes | 178 Participants |
Secondary
Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions
IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions will be assessed using survey questions based on the components of the intervention. Both mothers and fathers will be asked the survey questions as part of the household survey. The questions are grounded in the theory of planned behavior and based on previously published IYCF knowledge, attitudes, norms and intentions questions. The questions have been pilot tested by the project PI.
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: We report the mothers' and fathers' beliefs related to infant and young child feeding practices. There is some missing data which is why we have a smaller sample size. For fathers, very few were present to participate in survey questions. However, fathers in experimental group still received the intervention if they did not participate in the survey.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Strongly agree | 76 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Agree | 69 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 11 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Disagree | 4 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Strongly agree | 86 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Agree | 83 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 6 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Disagree | 1 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Strongly disagree | 1 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Strongly agree | 93 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Agree | 74 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 6 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Disagree | 16 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Strongly disagree | 5 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Strongly agree | 86 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Agree | 89 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 2 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Strongly agree | 55 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Agree | 67 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 20 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Disagree | 17 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Strongly disagree | 18 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Strongly agree | 63 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Agree | 89 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 12 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Disagree | 8 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Strongly disagree | 5 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Strongly agree | 104 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Agree | 73 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 0 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Strongly agree | 23 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Agree | 36 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Disagree | 49 Participants |
| Control Group | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Strongly disagree | 68 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Strongly disagree | 5 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Strongly agree | 58 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 2 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Strongly agree | 21 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Agree | 89 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Agree | 111 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Disagree | 17 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Agree | 83 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 24 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Strongly disagree | 4 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Strongly disagree | 105 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 4 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Disagree | 38 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Strongly agree | 103 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Agree | 120 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Strongly agree | 93 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Strongly disagree | 30 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Strongly agree | 121 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Agree | 36 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Agree | 92 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Strongly agree | 126 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Disagree | 4 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Strongly disagree | 4 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Disagree | 75 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Agree | 110 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 13 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Disagree | 5 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Strongly disagree | 2 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 3 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Strongly disagree | 1 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 16 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 2 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Disagree | 1 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Agree | 101 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Strongly agree | 144 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Disagree | 36 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Strongly agree | 113 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Agree | 12 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Strongly agree | 15 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Agree | 9 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Disagree | 3 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Strongly agree | 16 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Disagree | 7 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Agree | 11 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Strongly agree | 13 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Agree | 7 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Strongly agree | 6 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 2 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Disagree | 3 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Strongly disagree | 3 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Strongly agree | 9 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Agree | 6 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Agree | 18 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Disagree | 1 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 9 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Strongly agree | 15 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Agree | 12 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Strongly agree | 16 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Strongly agree | 15 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Agree | 13 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Control Group: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Agree | 24 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Strongly agree | 25 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Agree | 19 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Agree | 22 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Strongly agree | 29 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Agree | 21 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 12 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby orange fruits and vegetables can help their eye health and prevent illness | Strongly agree | 26 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Strongly agree | 23 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Leafy greens will provide my baby with important nutrients | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Strongly disagree | 5 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Washing my hands with soap before and after cooking, eating, etc. can help prevent illness | Disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Strongly agree | 24 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Disagree | 6 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Agree | 20 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Agree | 22 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Agree | 13 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Strongly agree | 10 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Strongly agree | 23 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 1 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Neutral (neither agree or disagree) | 2 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Agree | 14 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Eating animal source foods can prevent anemia | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Disagree | 1 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | It is important to limit the amount of sweet and fried foods my baby consumes | Strongly agree | 21 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | After six months, breast milk nourishes my baby | Disagree | 13 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Feeding my baby multiple times a day is important for his/her growth and development | Disagree | 5 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention: Fathers in Triad | Mothers and Fathers Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Knowledge, Attitudes, Norms and Intentions | Clear or liquid porridge nourishes my baby | Strongly disagree | 0 Participants |
Secondary
Number of Children Consuming Minimum Dietary Diversity
The proportion of young children consuming 5 or more of 8 food groups (breast milk; grains, roots, tubers and plantains; pulses (beans, peas, lentils), nuts and seeds; dairy products (milk, infant formula, yogurt, cheese); flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, organ meats); eggs; vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables; other fruit and vegetables)
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: Population includes children in the study. We had missing data for some children at endline, which is the reason for the smaller sample size
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Number of Children Consuming Minimum Dietary Diversity | Did not meet minimum dietary diversity | 85 Participants |
| Control Group | Number of Children Consuming Minimum Dietary Diversity | Met minimum dietary diversity | 91 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Number of Children Consuming Minimum Dietary Diversity | Did not meet minimum dietary diversity | 102 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Number of Children Consuming Minimum Dietary Diversity | Met minimum dietary diversity | 136 Participants |
p-value: 0.65Chi-squared
Secondary
Number of Children Consuming Minimum Meal Frequency
Minimum meal frequency of (semi) solid or soft foods is assessed by examining the proportion of young children consuming foods: 2x/day for breastfed infants 6-8 months; 3x/day for breastfed children 9-23 months; 4x/day for non-breastfed children 6-23 months)
Time frame: At study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
| Arm | Measure | Category | Value (COUNT_OF_PARTICIPANTS) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Number of Children Consuming Minimum Meal Frequency | Consumed minimum meal frequency | 121 Participants |
| Control Group | Number of Children Consuming Minimum Meal Frequency | Did not consume minimum meal frequency | 84 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Number of Children Consuming Minimum Meal Frequency | Consumed minimum meal frequency | 142 Participants |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Number of Children Consuming Minimum Meal Frequency | Did not consume minimum meal frequency | 141 Participants |
p-value: 0.054Chi-squared
Secondary
Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days
The percent change (calculated as endline-baseline/baseline) in the frequency of consuming specific foods targeted in the intervention over the course of the previous week (7 days) will be assessed between baseline and endline. More specifically, the number of times that the following foods have been consumed will be assessed: animal source foods, leafy greens, orange colored fruits and vegetables, thick porridge, porridge mixed with nutrient-rich foods, sweets and sugary drinks, fried foods.
Time frame: Between baseline and study completion, an average of 4 months after baseline
Population: We have missing data for some variables, which is why there are smaller numbers. In addition, we had participants who consumed 0 servings at baseline which led to this variable not being able to be calculated for them.
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Group | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming leafy greens over past 7 days | 31.1 percent change | Standard Deviation 170.8 |
| Control Group | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming porridge mixed with nutrient rich foods over past 7 days | 52.0 percent change | Standard Deviation 282.8 |
| Control Group | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming animal source foods over past 7 days | 71.6 percent change | Standard Deviation 176.5 |
| Control Group | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming sugary foods over the past 7 days | 90.7 percent change | Standard Deviation 276.8 |
| Control Group | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming thick porridge over past 7 days | 5.2 percent change | Standard Deviation 268.5 |
| Control Group | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming fried foods over the past 7 days | 17.7 percent change | Standard Deviation 187.4 |
| Control Group | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming orange fruits and/or vegetables over past 7 days | 44.4 percent change | Standard Deviation 161.4 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming fried foods over the past 7 days | -35.1 percent change | Standard Deviation 123.8 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming orange fruits and/or vegetables over past 7 days | 51.6 percent change | Standard Deviation 157.3 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming animal source foods over past 7 days | 46.1 percent change | Standard Deviation 150.7 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming leafy greens over past 7 days | 56.7 percent change | Standard Deviation 208.5 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming thick porridge over past 7 days | 15.0 percent change | Standard Deviation 288.3 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming porridge mixed with nutrient rich foods over past 7 days | 48.6 percent change | Standard Deviation 270.9 |
| Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) Voice Messaging Intervention | Percent Change in Frequency of Consuming Key Foods in the Past 7 Days | Percent change in frequency of consuming sugary foods over the past 7 days | 117.2 percent change | Standard Deviation 315 |