Alcohol Use, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Conditions
Keywords
hazardous drinking, posttraumatic stress disorder
Brief summary
The research study seeks to refine and test a brief, self-directed, intervention for individuals from the general public with PTSD and co-occurring HD that can be delivered via text-messaging. This application seeks to refine the intervention further by testing whether theoretically-driven, evidence-based strategies from basic cognitive psychology (message framing) and social psychology (facilitating growth mindsets) result in better outcomes for PTSD symptoms and HD by addressing pilot participant feedback related to avoidance and motivation.
Detailed description
This study will refine a previously piloted text message intervention by integrating and testing the efficacy of behavioral nudge and psychologically-wise intervention techniques when added to CBT text messages for reducing hazardous drinking (HD) and PTSD symptoms.The enhancements will be tested in a fully crossed 3 (message framing: avoid losses vs. maximize gains vs. no framing) x 2 (mindsets: facilitate growth mindset reminder vs. simple reminder to use skills) factorial design to identify the most effective combination of text messages. A sample of 500 participants with DSM-5 Criterion A trauma exposure, PTSD symptoms, and HD will be enrolled and randomized to condition. Baseline, immediate post-, 1-, and 3-month assessments will capture change in primary outcomes (PTSD, hazardous drinking). Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms will be assessed using the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist, Civilian Version DSM-5 with the Life Events Checklist (PCL-5 and LEC). HD will be assessed via a set of measures that provide a detailed picture of drinking patterns. First, two questions will ask about heavy episodic drinking (HED: 4/5 or more drinks per single occasion for men/women) episodes, assessing both frequency over the lifetime and frequency over the last month. Typical weekly alcohol consumption will also be assessed using the Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ). Negative alcohol-related consequences will be assessed via the Short Index of Problems (SIP).
Interventions
BEHAVIORALCBT Text Messages
CBT skills based text messages delivered 3x per week for four weeks
Sponsors
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)
University of Washington
Study design
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Intervention model
FACTORIAL
Primary purpose
TREATMENT
Masking
NONE
Intervention model description
Participants will receive text messages 3 days a week for a 4 week period. To keep text messages within the length of standard SMS limits (160 characters), each day's message will be sent in the form of two brief texts (each will be 160 characters or less). The content of the text messages will vary as a function of condition. Participants will be assigned to CBT text messages plus one of six combinations of framing (3: loss vs. gain vs. no framing) and mindsets (2: growth vs reminder) texts. The combination that consists of no framing and simple reminder is an active comparator as it is the version of CBT text messages closest to what has been tested previously.
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
18 Years to No maximum
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion criteria
1. 18+ years of age 2. Currently resides in WA State 3. Fluent in English 4. Reports at least one DSM-5 traumatic event that occurred 1+ months ago 5. Current PTSD severity of 33+ on the PCL-5 6. Current hazardous alcohol use (2+ heavy episodic drinking occasions \[4+ drinks on one occasion for women, 5+ drinks on one occasion for men\] in past month, 1+ negative consequences related to alcohol use) 7. Owns a functioning cellular phone 8. Is willing to receive weekly study text messages for 4 consecutive weeks 9. Is willing to provide contact information including phone number (for text messages and reminders), email (reminders), and mailing address (payment)
Exclusion criteria
\-
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Heavy Episodic Drinking | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 16 weeks | Heavy Episodic Drinking (HED) assesses the quantity of heavy drinking episodes (i.e., \>4/5 drinks per occasion for women/men, based on the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's definition) over the last month. It is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (week 4), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16). The range of the scale is 0-10 (count of the number of heavy drinking episodes in the last month); 10 is described as 10 or more heavy drinking episodes. Higher scores represent a greater number of heavy drinking episodes. |
| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks | The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the 5th Edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (PCL-5) assesses the severity of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined by the 5th Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (week 4), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16) to assess change in PTSD symptoms. The range of the scale is 0-80. Higher scores represent more severe PTSD symptoms. |
| Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 16 weeks | The Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ) assesses the number of standard drinks consumed each day of a typical week over the last month and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (week 4), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16). The range for the scale to report drinks consumed each day is 0-25. Each day's score for the week is summed to created a total number of drinks consumed per week; the count of drinks consumed per week ranges from 0 to 175. Higher scores representing greater number of drinks consumed during a typical week. |
| Alcohol Use Consequences | Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 16 weeks | The Short Index of Problems (SIP) assesses the negative consequences from alcohol consumption over the last month and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (week 4), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16). The range for the scale is 0-15 and higher scores represent a greater number of alcohol-related consequences. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Baseline,16 weeks | The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) assesses problem drinking and likely diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder over the last 12 months and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline) and 3 month follow up (week 16). The total range of scores is 0-40 and higher scores represent greater risks of having an alcohol use disorder. |
| Drug Use Problems | Baseline, 16 weeks | The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) assesses the problems related to other substance use and likely drug use disorder diagnosis over the last 12 months and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline) and 3 month follow up (week 16). The total range of scores is 0-10 and higher scores indicate more substance use-related problems and likely drug use disorder diagnosis. |
| Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Baseline, 8 weeks, 16 weeks | The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) assesses the general psychopathology symptoms over the last month and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16). It has 3 subscales; two of which (anxiety and depression subscales) are outcomes for this study. The total range of scores of the anxiety subscale of the DASS-21 is 0-21 and higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. The total range of scores of the depression subscale of the DASS-21 is 0-21 and higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. |
| Treatment Seeking | 16 weeks | The Treatment Services Received (TSR) assesses the types of mental health and addictions treatments that individuals (e.g., inpatient, outpatient, 12-step, etc) received since enrolling in the study and is administered at 3 month follow up (week 16). Twelve types of treatment are listed and counted to calculate the number of types of treatment that individuals received over the 16-week study period. The minimum possible score is 0 (no services received) and the maximum is 12 types of treatment. Higher numbers indicate receiving more types of treatment. |
| Drug Use | Baseline,16 weeks | The Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record (CDDR) assesses comprehensive substance use, other than alcohol, over the last 3 months and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline) and 3 month follow up (week 16). The total range of scores is 0-12 and higher scores indicate more drug use. |
Countries
United States
Participant flow
Pre-assignment details
2,751 completed the screening survey, and 1,397 of them were not eligible. Among 1,354 participants who were eligible for the verification call, 628 were excluded prior to verification call due to suspected fraud, missing contact information, etc. and 162 did not show up/declined participation. Among 564 participants who were sent baseline survey, 45 never completed baseline and 14 were identified as fraudulent upon review. 505 completed baseline/enrolled and were randomized.
Participants by arm
| Arm | Count |
|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset Participants in this condition will receive 3 days of text messages for 4 weeks. Day 1 will consist of psychoeducation about CBT skill, day 2 will be a remainder to use the skill that is framed with toward preventing future losses from trauma exposure, and day 3 will have a reminder that aims to instill a growth mindset about using the skill.
CBT Text Messages: CBT skills based text messages delivered 3x per week for four weeks | 84 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder Participants in this condition will receive 3 days of text messages for 4 weeks. Day 1 will consist of psychoeducation about CBT skill, day 2 will be a remainder to use the skill that is framed with toward prevent future losses from trauma exposure, and day 3 will have a simple reminder to use the skill.
CBT Text Messages: CBT skills based text messages delivered 3x per week for four weeks | 83 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset Participants in this condition will receive 3 days of text messages for 4 weeks. Day 1 will consist of psychoeducation about CBT skill, day 2 will be a remainder to use the skill that is framed with toward future benefits from doing so, and day 3 will have a reminder that aims to instill a growth mindset about using the skill.
CBT Text Messages: CBT skills based text messages delivered 3x per week for four weeks | 86 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder Participants in this condition will receive 3 days of text messages for 4 weeks. Day 1 will consist of psychoeducation about CBT skill, day 2 will be a remainder to use the skill that is framed with toward future benefits from doing so, and day 3 will have a simple reminder to use the skill.
CBT Text Messages: CBT skills based text messages delivered 3x per week for four weeks | 85 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset Participants in this condition will receive 3 days of text messages for 4 weeks. Day 1 will consist of psychoeducation about CBT skill, day 2 will be a remainder to use the skill that has no framing, and day 3 will have a reminder that aims to instill a growth mindset about using the skill.
CBT Text Messages: CBT skills based text messages delivered 3x per week for four weeks | 85 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder Participants in this condition will receive 3 days of text messages for 4 weeks. Day 1 will consist of psychoeducation about CBT skill, day 2 will be a remainder to use the skill that has no framing, and day 3 will have a simple reminder to use the skill.
CBT Text Messages: CBT skills based text messages delivered 3x per week for four weeks | 82 |
| Total | 505 |
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | No Framing + Growth Mindset | No Framing + Simple Reminder | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | 36.45 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.98 | 38.06 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 12.04 | 36.83 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.7 | 35.99 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.05 | 34.47 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 10.19 | 35.82 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.17 | 36.27 years STANDARD_DEVIATION 11.03 |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Hispanic or Latino | 10 Participants | 6 Participants | 7 Participants | 12 Participants | 9 Participants | 12 Participants | 56 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Not Hispanic or Latino | 70 Participants | 71 Participants | 75 Participants | 72 Participants | 76 Participants | 69 Participants | 433 Participants |
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 4 Participants | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 1 Participants | 0 Participants | 1 Participants | 16 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants | 13 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Asian | 4 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 6 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants | 20 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Black or African American | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 18 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) More than one race | 12 Participants | 9 Participants | 7 Participants | 14 Participants | 10 Participants | 10 Participants | 62 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants | 0 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) Unknown or Not Reported | 0 Participants | 2 Participants | 5 Participants | 0 Participants | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 15 Participants |
| Race (NIH/OMB) White | 64 Participants | 64 Participants | 69 Participants | 61 Participants | 59 Participants | 60 Participants | 377 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Another identity | 10 Participants | 7 Participants | 7 Participants | 4 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants | 34 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Female | 55 Participants | 60 Participants | 59 Participants | 61 Participants | 63 Participants | 62 Participants | 360 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Male | 17 Participants | 15 Participants | 18 Participants | 16 Participants | 16 Participants | 17 Participants | 99 Participants |
| Sex/Gender, Customized Transgender | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 2 Participants | 4 Participants | 2 Participants | 1 Participants | 12 Participants |
Adverse events
| Event type | EG000 affected / at risk | EG001 affected / at risk | EG002 affected / at risk | EG003 affected / at risk | EG004 affected / at risk | EG005 affected / at risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| deaths Total, all-cause mortality | 0 / 84 | 0 / 83 | 0 / 86 | 0 / 85 | 0 / 85 | 0 / 82 |
| other Total, other adverse events | 0 / 84 | 0 / 83 | 0 / 86 | 0 / 85 | 0 / 85 | 0 / 82 |
| serious Total, serious adverse events | 0 / 84 | 0 / 83 | 0 / 86 | 0 / 85 | 0 / 85 | 0 / 82 |
Outcome results
Primary
Alcohol Use Consequences
The Short Index of Problems (SIP) assesses the negative consequences from alcohol consumption over the last month and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (week 4), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16). The range for the scale is 0-15 and higher scores represent a greater number of alcohol-related consequences.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 4.68 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.92 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 5.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.9 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 8.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.65 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 4.65 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.41 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 6.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.15 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 5.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.07 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 5.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.1 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 9.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.65 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 8.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.07 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 4.55 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.76 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 4.84 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.59 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 5.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.33 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 9.02 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.87 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 4.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.73 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 4.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.55 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 6.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.44 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 5.16 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.31 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 4.55 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.05 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 4.76 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.82 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 8.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.06 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 3.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.24 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 5.09 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.72 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 5.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.34 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Alcohol Use Consequences | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 9.28 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.74 |
Primary
Heavy Episodic Drinking
Heavy Episodic Drinking (HED) assesses the quantity of heavy drinking episodes (i.e., \>4/5 drinks per occasion for women/men, based on the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's definition) over the last month. It is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (week 4), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16). The range of the scale is 0-10 (count of the number of heavy drinking episodes in the last month); 10 is described as 10 or more heavy drinking episodes. Higher scores represent a greater number of heavy drinking episodes.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 3.27 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.5 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 3.71 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 2.53 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 2.98 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 6.19 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.03 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 3.82 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.71 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 6.00 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.15 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 4.58 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.73 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 3.61 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.75 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 3.18 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.4 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 3.32 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.27 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 5.85 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.2 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 3.63 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.45 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 3.48 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.61 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 6.69 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.12 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 3.65 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.7 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 4.52 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.47 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 3.04 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.33 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 6.02 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.12 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 3.48 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.43 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 3.01 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.38 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 2.33 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.01 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 4.03 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.44 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 2.96 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.31 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Heavy Episodic Drinking | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 6.33 number of heavy drinking episodes | Standard Deviation 3.22 |
Primary
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the 5th Edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (PCL-5) assesses the severity of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined by the 5th Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (week 4), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16) to assess change in PTSD symptoms. The range of the scale is 0-80. Higher scores represent more severe PTSD symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 33.72 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.34 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 51.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.43 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 34.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.87 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 39.72 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.23 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 49.99 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.97 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 34.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 18.6 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 37.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.9 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 38.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.75 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 38.46 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.39 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 50.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.43 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 38.78 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.3 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 36.53 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.27 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 51.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.87 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 36.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.36 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 37.18 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.4 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 39.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.91 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 39.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.91 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 35.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.27 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 34.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.36 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 51.66 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.44 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 31.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 16.79 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 39.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 15.72 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 35.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 14.23 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 51.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 11.95 |
Primary
Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption
The Daily Drinking Questionnaire (DDQ) assesses the number of standard drinks consumed each day of a typical week over the last month and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), post-intervention (week 4), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16). The range for the scale to report drinks consumed each day is 0-25. Each day's score for the week is summed to created a total number of drinks consumed per week; the count of drinks consumed per week ranges from 0 to 175. Higher scores representing greater number of drinks consumed during a typical week.
Time frame: Baseline, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 23.96 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 22.19 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 16.65 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 19.06 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 14.85 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 18.24 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 11.80 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 12.86 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 17.24 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 16.85 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 21.49 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 19.47 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 26.00 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 18.5 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 17.88 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 22.83 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 17.05 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 23.15 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 16.46 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 20.16 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 19.72 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 18.91 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 26.00 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 26.01 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 26.15 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 22.98 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 16.24 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 17.6 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 18.67 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 13.9 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 16.48 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 15.21 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 15.89 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 23.41 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 14.46 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 23.58 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 18.20 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 19.71 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 23.68 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 20.97 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Post-intervention (Week 4) | 17.96 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 16.46 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8) | 14.79 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 16.57 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 11.47 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 13.78 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Typical Weekly Alcohol Consumption | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 25.63 number of standard drinks per week | Standard Deviation 20.8 |
Secondary
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale
The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) assesses the general psychopathology symptoms over the last month and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline), 1 month follow up (week 8), and 3 month follow up (week 16). It has 3 subscales; two of which (anxiety and depression subscales) are outcomes for this study. The total range of scores of the anxiety subscale of the DASS-21 is 0-21 and higher scores indicate more severe symptoms. The total range of scores of the depression subscale of the DASS-21 is 0-21 and higher scores indicate more severe symptoms.
Time frame: Baseline, 8 weeks, 16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Depression | 11.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.67 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Depression | 8.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.34 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Anxiety | 7.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.64 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Anxiety | 6.88 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.86 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Anxiety | 7.92 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.89 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Depression | 9.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.15 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Depression | 12.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.89 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Depression | 9.69 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.46 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Depression | 9.16 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.25 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Anxiety | 8.37 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.74 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Anxiety | 6.83 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.01 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Anxiety | 6.26 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.76 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Anxiety | 7.14 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.49 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Anxiety | 8.70 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.04 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Depression | 10.22 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.7 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Depression | 10.73 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.42 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Anxiety | 6.64 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.74 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Depression | 12.13 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.87 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Anxiety | 7.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.82 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Depression | 8.95 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.65 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Anxiety | 9.33 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.96 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Anxiety | 7.15 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.25 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Depression | 12.44 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.97 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Depression | 9.40 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.53 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Anxiety | 6.85 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.47 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Anxiety | 6.27 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.02 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Depression | 8.96 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.61 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Anxiety | 9.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.29 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Depression | 9.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 6.03 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Depression | 11.79 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.95 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Depression | 11.59 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.69 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Anxiety | 5.90 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.2 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 1 follow-up (Week 8), Depression | 8.98 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.55 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Anxiety | 6.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.08 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16), Depression | 8.55 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 5.12 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline), Anxiety | 8.45 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 4.27 |
Secondary
Drug Use
The Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record (CDDR) assesses comprehensive substance use, other than alcohol, over the last 3 months and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline) and 3 month follow up (week 16). The total range of scores is 0-12 and higher scores indicate more drug use.
Time frame: Baseline,16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 2.18 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.04 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 3.82 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.6 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 2.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.67 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 4.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.12 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 3.51 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.5 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 2.00 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.25 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 3.61 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.74 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 1.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 1.94 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 3.79 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.17 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 1.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.12 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 1.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.03 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 4.05 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.11 |
Secondary
Drug Use Problems
The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) assesses the problems related to other substance use and likely drug use disorder diagnosis over the last 12 months and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline) and 3 month follow up (week 16). The total range of scores is 0-10 and higher scores indicate more substance use-related problems and likely drug use disorder diagnosis.
Time frame: Baseline, 16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 2.32 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.48 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 3.24 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.66 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 2.38 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.68 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 3.60 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.23 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 2.86 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.64 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 1.67 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.35 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 2.36 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.04 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 3.06 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.08 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 2.87 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 3.01 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 1.79 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.44 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 1.81 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.57 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Drug Use Problems | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 3.48 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 2.95 |
Secondary
Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) assesses problem drinking and likely diagnosis of an alcohol use disorder over the last 12 months and is administered at pre-intervention (baseline) and 3 month follow up (week 16). The total range of scores is 0-40 and higher scores represent greater risks of having an alcohol use disorder.
Time frame: Baseline,16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Group | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 18.29 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.35 |
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 12.93 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.26 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 18.49 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.02 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 15.63 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.06 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 18.17 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.35 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 14.12 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.06 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 18.89 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.38 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 15.21 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 8.78 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 17.72 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.01 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 14.19 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 9.43 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Pre-intervention (Baseline) | 18.54 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.18 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Risk of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) | Timepoint: Month 3 follow-up (Week 16) | 13.23 score on a scale | Standard Deviation 7.82 |
Secondary
Treatment Seeking
The Treatment Services Received (TSR) assesses the types of mental health and addictions treatments that individuals (e.g., inpatient, outpatient, 12-step, etc) received since enrolling in the study and is administered at 3 month follow up (week 16). Twelve types of treatment are listed and counted to calculate the number of types of treatment that individuals received over the 16-week study period. The minimum possible score is 0 (no services received) and the maximum is 12 types of treatment. Higher numbers indicate receiving more types of treatment.
Time frame: 16 weeks
| Arm | Measure | Value (MEAN) | Dispersion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Loss Framing + Growth Mindset | Treatment Seeking | 0.61 unique mental health treatments | Standard Deviation 1.03 |
| Loss Framing + Simple Reminder | Treatment Seeking | 0.49 unique mental health treatments | Standard Deviation 0.8 |
| Gain Framing + Growth Mindset | Treatment Seeking | 0.43 unique mental health treatments | Standard Deviation 0.73 |
| Gain Framing + Simple Reminder | Treatment Seeking | 0.82 unique mental health treatments | Standard Deviation 1.19 |
| No Framing + Growth Mindset | Treatment Seeking | 0.47 unique mental health treatments | Standard Deviation 0.92 |
| No Framing + Simple Reminder | Treatment Seeking | 0.42 unique mental health treatments | Standard Deviation 0.88 |