Pain, Postoperative
Conditions
Keywords
children, facial expression analysis, machine learning, pain assessment
Brief summary
The present study was conducted to evaluate the use of computer-aided facial expression analysis to assess postoperative pain in children. The study population consisted of patients in the age group of 7-18 years who underwent surgery at Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine Health Application and Research Hospital Pediatric Surgery Clinic between November 2019 and June 2021. The sample of the study consisted of total 83 children who agreed to participate in the study and who met the sample selection criteria. Data were collected by the researcher using the Wong Baker Faces (WBS) pain rating scale and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Data were collected from the child, mother, nurse, and one external observer. Facial action units associated with pain were used for machine estimation. OpenFace was used to analyze the child's facial action units and Python was used for machine learning algorithms. Intraclass correlation coefficient, Kappa coefficient, and linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis of the data. The pain score predicted by the machine and the pain score assessments of the child, mother, nurse, and observer were compared.
Interventions
OTHERThe facial expressions analyzed
The facial expressions associated with pain were analyzed by the researchers in the OpenFace program. The patient's pain scores were estimated in the Python program by combining the numerical outputs of facial expression analyses with machine learning algorithms.
Sponsors
Uludag University
Study design
Observational model
OTHER
Time perspective
OTHER
Eligibility
Sex/Gender
ALL
Age
7 Years to 18 Years
Healthy volunteers
Yes
Inclusion criteria
* The patient is awake and oriented after the surgery, * The patient must be within the first 12 hours after the operation and not be discharged before the first 36 hours after the operation, * The patient is between the ages of 7-18, * It is the mother's staying with the patient as a companion.
Exclusion criteria
* Presence of any facial anomalies that may alter facial expression analysis, * The patient has neurological and mental disorders, * Having regular opiate use in the last 6 months, * These are surgical procedures that require the patient to be in a prone position.
Design outcomes
Primary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| the first observation on pain assessment of children by human | after surgery in the first 12 hours | WBS scales were used for pain assessment of children, mothers, nurses, and observers. |
| the second observation on pain assessment of children by human | after surgery 24.-36. range hours | VAS scales were used for pain assessment of children, mothers, nurses, and observers. |
| child's facial expressions | up to the first 36 hours. | Facial action units associated with pain were used from the camera recordings of the child's facial expressions. |
Secondary
| Measure | Time frame | Description |
|---|---|---|
| pain assessment of children by machine | up to the first 36 hours. | machine-estimated pain severity score from facial expression analysis. |
Countries
Turkey (Türkiye)
Outcome results
None listed